博碩士論文 102481009 詳細資訊




以作者查詢圖書館館藏 以作者查詢臺灣博碩士 以作者查詢全國書目 勘誤回報 、線上人數:9 、訪客IP:3.142.197.212
姓名 黃崇真(HUANG CHUNG-CHEN)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 企業管理學系
論文名稱 減緩氣候變遷:殯葬產業節能減碳之研究
(Mitigation of Climate Change: Energy Saving and Carbon Emission Reduction in the Funeral Industry)
相關論文
★ 台灣與大陸在ERP專案管理、專案成員向心力與離心力的不同之處★ ERP專案成員離心力與向心力對代理問題之影響
★ 事業策略、人力資源管理與組織績效之實證研究★ 商用飛機維修成本控制之研究-以某國籍航空公司為例
★ ERP系統更換關鍵成功因素研究-以Oracle系統導入為例★ 中小企業自行開發ERP 系統關鍵成功因素研究- 以高科技產業為例
★ 文化創意產業產品策略選擇之影響因素-以國片為例★ 專案管理風險對ERP專案成功之影響
★ 品質機能展開與多準則決策於設備開發應用★ ERP導入品質因素對IFRS轉換專案之影響
★ ERP投資金額對服務品質及導入後IT治理目標之分析★ ERP 導入問題對專案的影響
★ IFRS轉換對員工退休金計畫影響★ IFRS轉換對企業績效評估的影響
★ IFRS轉換問題對IFRS效益的影響★ ERP環境下企業集團自行編製合併報表能力對XBRL資訊透明度之研究
檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式]    [Bibtex 格式]    [相關文章]   [文章引用]   [完整記錄]   [館藏目錄]   [檢視]  [下載]
  1. 本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
  2. 已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
  3. 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。

摘要(中) 緣於第二次世界大戰結束的戰後嬰兒潮老化,以及全球人口增長,以
及COVID-19大流行對死亡人數增加的重大影響,殯葬產業火化產生的碳
排放量增加超過最初預期。為實踐《京都議定書》和《巴黎協定》對於
2050年實現淨零之碳中和目標,本研究檢視了有關埋葬方式在碳排放方面
差異的文獻,並進行了逐步分析。以每5年為一期,利用趨勢變化中的遞
迴關係來分析1990年到2050年的解決方案序列。透過收集全球每年的死
亡人數,並以每具遺體平均產生碳排放量245公斤設算後,我們將這些數
據與2050年之前的年二氧化碳排放量和全球人口進行分析比較。此外,
還分析了火葬和冰葬的結果並進行比較,構建比較優勢模型。這項研究的
結果表明,冰葬(Cryomation)比火葬更節能,對碳減排的影響更大,因為
它不需要防腐或棺材等碳排放元素。因此,冰葬可以有效減少對環境的破
壞。對殯葬行業採取適當的策略來推廣冰葬,可以實現環境保護和永續發
展的目標。
摘要(英) As a result of the global population growth since World War II, and the major impact of
the COVID-19 pandemic on the increase in the number of deaths, carbon emissions resulting
from cremations in the funeral industry have increased by more than initially expected. In
order to achieve the goal of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, to reach net-zero
carbon neutrality by 2050, in this study, we comprehensively examined the literature on the
differences in burial methods in terms of carbon emissions, and undertook stepwise analysis
of the solution’s sequence from 1990 to 2050 using the recurrence relations in the trend
changes using 5-year intervals. By collecting the annual number of global deaths and
calculating the average carbon emissions per death to be 245 kg, we analyzed and compared
these data with the annual carbon dioxide amount and global population until 2050. In
addition, the results for cremation and Cryomation were analyzed and compared to construct a
model of comparative advantage. The results of this study show that Cryomation is more
energy efficient and has a greater impact on carbon emission reduction than cremation
because it does not require carbon emission elements such as embalming or coffins. Thus,
Cryomation can effectively reduce damage to the environment. Taking appropriate strategies
for the funeral industry to promote Cryomation can achieve the goals of environmental
protection and sustainable development.
關鍵字(中) ★ 殯葬業
★ 碳排放
★ 冰葬業
★ 永續發展
關鍵字(英)
論文目次 Content
摘要............................................................................................................................................ ii
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii
Figure Content ........................................................................................................................ viii
Table Content ............................................................................................................................ ix
Chapter I Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
1-1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1
1-2 Research Motivation ................................................................................................. 6
1-3 Research Purpose ..................................................................................................... 8
1-4 Research Structure ................................................................................................... 9
Chapter II Literature Review .............................................................................................. 10
2-1 Inhumation and Cemetery .......................................................................................... 10
2-2 Cremation ................................................................................................................... 13
2-3 Cryomation or Promession ......................................................................................... 16
2-4 An Overview of Green Funerals ................................................................................. 19
Chapter III Proposed Methodology ..................................................................................... 22
3-1 Analytical Model ........................................................................................................ 22
3-2 Equations .................................................................................................................... 23
3-2-1 Cryomation Implementation Rate for Carbon Dioxide Reduction ......................... 23
3-2-2 Carbon Dioxide Generated from Cremation ........................................................... 23
3-2-3 Calculation of Emission Factors of Harmful Air Pollutants from the Cremators ... 24
3-3 Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter IV Experimental Evaluation ................................................................................... 28
4-1 Results ........................................................................................................................ 28
Chapter V Conclusion and Future Work ............................................................................ 33
vii
5-1 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 33
5-2 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 35
5-2 Research Limitation and Future Research ............................................................. 38
Chapter VI Reference ............................................................................................................. 40
參考文獻 Chapter VI Reference
1. Santime, S. (2019). Controversy and conflict over cemeteries and burials in Wolaita,
Southwestern Ethiopia. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 11(1), 1-
17.
2. Quinton, J. M., Östberg, J. and Duinker, P. N. (2020). The importance of multi-scale
temporal and spatial management for cemetery trees in Malmö, Sweden. Forests, 11,78
3. Jesmer, J. N. (2019). “Death in the round: a critique of funeral architecture and burial
practices”. Thesis submitted to the University of Maryland, USA.
4. Afla, M. and Reza, M. (2012). Sustainability of urban cemeteries and the transformation
of Malay burial practices in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Region. World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, 71, 808-829.
5. Allam, Z. (2020). Urban and graveyard sprawl: the unsustainability of death. In:
Theology and Urban Sustainability. SpringerBriefs in Geography. Springer, Cham.
6. Rounds, R. and Marshall, N. (2011). ′Green Burials in Australia and Their Planning
Challenges′, in State of Australian Cities Conference, State of Australian Cities National
Conference, Melbourne, presented at State of Australian Cities National Conference,
Melbourne
7. Thynes, G., Johnson, L. and Roberts, A. (2015). The urban death project: a value
sensitive design case study. INFO 444, The Information School University of
Washington.
8. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2022.
Available online: https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed on 11 Jan. 2022).
9. United Nations (UN). Multi-Stakeholder Collaborative Effort on the Statistical
Community Response on COVID-19. 2022. Available online: https://covid-19-
41
data.unstatshub.org/ (accessed on 22 Jan. 2022).
10. Rani, S. A review of the management and safe handling of bodies in cases involving
COVID-19. Med. Sci. Law 2020, 60, 287–293.
11. Mumford, Lewis. 1961. The City in History. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc
12. Bayer, E. M. (2018). Green burial, home burial: A return to redbud hill. The Trumpeter,
34(1), 167-175.
13. Robinson, G.M. Dying to Go Green: The Introduction of Resomation in the United
Kingdom. Religions 2021, 12, 97.
14. Arias, P.; Bellouin, N.; Coppola, E.; Jones, R.; Krinner, G.; Marotzke, J.; Naik, V.;
Palmer, M.; Plattner, G.-K.; Rogelj, J. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group14 I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Technical Summary, 2021.
15. Lovell, H.; Bulkeley, H.; Liverman, D. Carbon offsetting: Sustaining consumption?
Environ. Plan. A 2009, 41, 2357–2379.
16. Alam, M.M.; Murad, M.W.; Noman, A.H.M.; Ozturk, I. Relationships among carbon
emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing
Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia. Ecol.
Indic. 2016, 70, 466–479.
17. Ioannidis, J.P. Global perspective of COVID- 19 epidemiology for a full- cycle
pandemic. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2020, 50, e13423.
18. Williams, H. A Well-Urned Rest: Cremation and Inhumation in Early Anglo-Saxon
England; University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA, 2014.
19. Zou, C.; Xue, H.; Xiong, B.; Zhang, G.; Pan, S.; Jia, C.; Wang, Y.; Ma, F.; Sun, Q.; Guan,
C. Connotation, innovation and vision of “carbon neutrality”. Nat. Gas Ind. B 2021, 8,
523–537.
42
20. Stewart, B.M. Little Apocalypse: How Green Funeral Practitioners Reconfigure the
Iconography of Climate Catastrophe. Curr. Theol. Mission. 2020, 47.
21. Xue, Y.; Cheng, L.; Chen, X.; Zhai, X.; Wang, W.; Zhang, W.; Bai, Y.; Tian, H.; Nie, L.;
Zhang, S. Emission characteristics of harmful air pollutants from cremators in Beijing,
China. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0194226.
22. Wu, Y., & Sun, C. (2008). A Research on the Green Technology Innovation of the
Cemetery Industry. 2008 International Seminar on Business and Information
Management, 1, 147–150.
23. Uslu, A. An ecological approach for the evaluation of an abandoned cemetery as a green
area: The case of Ankara/Karakusunlar cemetery. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2010, 5, 1043–1054.
24. He, Z.; Wang, Y.; Hu, D.; Wang, Y. Traditional Funeral Culture and Modern Green
Ecological Funeral Construction; IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2021; p. 042082.
25. Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. A human needs approach to reducing atmospheric carbon.
Energy Policy 2010, 38, 695–700.
26. Anna, D.; Ewa, K.-B. How to enhance the environmental values of contemporary
cemeteries in an urban context. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2374.
27. Kjøller, C.P. Managing green spaces of the deceased: Characteristics and dynamics of
Danish cemetery administrations. Urban For. Urban Green. 2012, 11, 339–348.
28. Blunt, M. Carbon dioxide storage. Grantham Inst. Brief. Pap. 2010, 4.
29. Harris, M. Grave Matters: A Journey Through the Modern Funeral Industry to a Natural
Way of Burial; Simon and Schuster: New York, NY, USA, 2008.
30. Uslu, A.; Bariş, E.; Erdoğan, E. Ecological concerns over cemeteries. Afr. J. Agric. Res.
2009, 4, 1505–1511.
31. Feinmann, J. (2007, Jun 09). Green and grave concerns biodegradable coffins and
43
woodland burials are just two possibilities when planning a green funeral, says jane
feinmann: [LONDON 1ST EDITION]. Financial Times?
32. UNEP (2011) Keeping track of our changing environment: from Rio to Rio+20 (1992–
2012). United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Division of Early Warning
and Assessment (DEWA), Nairobi.
33. Feifel S,WalkW,Wursthorn S (2010) LCA, how are you doing today? A snapshot from
the 5th German LCA workshop. Int J Life Cycle Assess 15:139–142
34. Keijzer, E. (2017). The environmental impact of activities after life: life cycle assessment
of funerals. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(5), 715-730.
35. Rugg, J. (2000). Defining the place of burial: what makes a cemetery a cemetery?.
Mortality, 5(3), 259-275.
36. Canning, L., & Szmigin, I. (2010). Death and disposal: The universal, environmental
dilemma. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(11-12), 1129-1142.
37. Tavares da Cruz NJ, LenzaA´ GR, Dos Santos PdaCF, et al. (2017) Environmental
impacts caused by cemeteries and crematoria, new funeral technologies, and preferences
of the Northeastern and Southern Brazilian population as for the funeral process.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 24(31): 24121–24134.
38. Spongberg, A., Becks, P., 2000. Inorganic soils contamination from cemetery leachate.
Water Air Soil Pollut. 117, 313–327.
39. Fiedler, S., Breuer, J., Pusch, C.M., Holley, S.,Wahl, J., Ingwersen, J., Graw, M., 2012.
Graveyards as special landfills. Sci. Total Environ. 419, 90–97.
40. Fineza, A. G., Marques, E. A. G., Bastos, R. K. X., & Betim, L. S. (2014). Impacts on the
groundwater quality within a cemetery area in Southeast Brazil. Soils and Rocks, São
Paulo, 37(2), 161-169.
41. Vaezihir, A., Mohammadi, S., 2016. Groundwater contamination sourced from the main
44
cemetery of Tabriz, Iran. Environ. Forensic 17, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/
15275922.2016.1163621.
42. Aronson, J.K., 2014. Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants. Chapter 24. In: Aronson, J.K.
(Ed.), Side Effects of Drugs. Annual, p. 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62635-
6.00024-3. Elsevier.
43. Zume, J.T., 2011. Risks of burial practices on groundwater quality in rural north-central
Nigeria. J. Water Health 9 (3), 609–616
44. Varlet, V., Bouvet, A., Cadas, H., Hornung, J.P., Grabherr, S., 2019. Toward safer
thanatopraxy cares: formaldehyde-releasers use. Journal of Anatomy 235 (5), 863–872.
https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13047
45. Davidson, S.S., Benjamin Jr.,W.H., 2006. Risk of infection and tracking of work-related
infectious diseases in the funeral industry. Am. J. Infect. Control 34 (10), 655–660.
46. Carstens, A., Bartie, C., Dennis, R., Bezuidenhout, C., 2014. Antibiotic-resistant
heterotrophic plate count bacteria and amoeba-resistant bacteria in aquifers of the Mooi
River, North West province, South Africa. J. Water Health 12 (4), 835–845
47. Abia, A.L.K., Ubomba-Jaswa, E., Schmidt, C., Dippenaar, M.A., 2018. Where did they
come from—multi-drug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in a cemetery
environment? Antibiotics 7 (3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7030073.
48. Olson, P. R. (2014). Flush and bone: Funeralizing alkaline hydrolysis in the United
States. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 39(5), 666-693.
49. Green, L. C., Crouch, E. A., & Zemba, S. G. (2014). Cremation, air pollution, and
special use permitting: a case study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An
International Journal, 20(2), 559-565.
50. Clayden, A., Green, T., Hockey, J., & Powell, M. (2018). Cutting the lawn− Natural
burial and its contribution to the delivery of ecosystem services in urban cemeteries.
45
Urban forestry & urban greening, 33, 99-106.
51. Kastenbaum, R. (2004). Why funerals?. Generations, 28(2), 5-10.
52. Opoko, A. P., & Adeboye, A. (2021). Investigation of willingness of residents to adopt
alternative burial methods in abuja, nigeria. IOP Conference Series.Earth and
Environmental Science, 665(1)
53. Sommer, A.L. (2003). De dødes haver: Den moderne storbykirkegård. Odense: Syddansk
Universitetsforlag.
54. Worpole, K. (2003). Last landscapes: The architecture of the cemetery in the West.
Chicago: 477 Reaktion Books.
55. Deering, B. 2010. From anti-social behaviour to X-rated: Exploring social diversity and
conflict in the cemetery. Madrell, A. & Sidaway, J.D. (eds.) Deathscapes: Spaces for
Death, Dying, Mourning and Remembrance, 75–94.
56. Marmo, L. EU strategies and policies on soil and waste management to offset
greenhouse gas emissions. Waste Manag. 2008, 28, 685–689.
57. Harker, A. Landscapes of the dead: An argument for conservation burial. Berkeley Plan.
J. 2012, 25.
58. Williams, H.; Rundkvist, M.; Danielsson, A. The landscape of a Swedish boat-grave
cemetery. Landscapes 2010, 11, 1–24.
59. Schade, T.L. The Green Cemetery in America: Plant a Tree on Me. Master’s Thesis,
Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA, 2011.
60. Davies, D.J.; Mates, L.H. (2005). Encyclopaedia of cremation, London: Ashgate.
61. Roy, M.; Cockerton, L. Heat Recovery Saves Energy at Funeral Home. ASHRAE J.
2019, 61.
62. Wu, Y.; Sun, C. A Research on the Green Technology Innovation of the Cemetery
Industry. In Proceedings of the 2008 International Seminar on Business and Information
46
Management, Wuhan, China, 19 December 2008; IEEE: Manhattan, NY, USA, 2008; pp.
147–150.
63. Rebay-Salisbury, K. Inhumation and cremation: How burial practices are linked to
beliefs. In Embodied Knowledge: Historical Perspectives on Technology and Belief;
Oxbow Books: Oxford, UK, 2012; pp. 15–26.
64. Davies, D., & Rumble, H. (2012). Natural burial: Traditional-secular spiritualities and
funeral innovation. Bloomsbury Publishing.
65. Rumble, H.; Troyer, J.; Walter, T.; Woodthorpe, K. (2014). Disposal or dispersal?
Environmentalism and final treatment of the British dead. Mortality, 19, 243–260.
66. Prater, T. (2022). Cemetery Tourism—A New Trend ?. Available online:
https://travelinspiredliving.com/cemetery-tourism-new-trend/ (accessed on 5 January
2022).
67. Quinton, J.M.; Duinker, P.N.(2019). Beyond burial: Researching and managing
cemeteries as urban green spaces, with examples from Canada. Environ. Rev. 27, 252-
262.
68. Gilbert, Q. L. 1991. The ecology of urban habitats. Chapman and Hall, New York
69. Laske, D. 1994. Cemeteries: ecological niches in populated areas. Naturwissenschaften
81:218-223.
70. Barrett, G. W., & Barrett, T. L. (2001). “Cemeteries as Repositories of Natural and
Cultural Diversity.” Conservation Biology 15 (6): 1820–1824
71. Tanaś, S (2004). The cemetery as a part of the geography of tourism. Turyzm; 14, pp.
71-87.
72. Evensen, K. H., Nordh, H., & Skår, M. (2017). Everyday use of urban cemeteries: A
Norwegian case study. Landscape and urban planning, 159, 76-84.
73. Clarke, G. The Roman Cemetery at Lankhills; Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.:
47
Gloucestershire, UK, 2021.
74. Hockey, J.; Green, T.; Clayden, A.; Powell, M. Landscapes of the dead? Natural burial
and the materialization of absence. J. Mater. Cult. 2012, 17, 115–132.
75. Sørensen, T.F. The presence of the dead: Cemeteries, cremation and the staging of nonplace.
J. Soc. Archaeol. 2009, 9, 110–135.
76. Stock, P.V.; Dennis, M.K. Up in smoke or down with worms? older adult
environmentalist’s discourse on disposal, dispersal, and (green) burial. Mortality 2021,
1–17.
77. Cantor, Norman L. (2010). After We Die: The Life and Times of the Human Cadaver.
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
78. Parsons B (2009) Eassie, William. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
79. Rugg J (2005) Cemeteries and crematoria. In: Davies DJ and Mates LH (eds) The
Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 118.
80. Chakrabarty, R.K.; Pervez, S.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Dewangan, S.; Robles, J.; Tian,
G. Funeral pyres in South Asia: Brown carbon aerosol emissions and climate impacts.
Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2014, 1, 44–48.
81. Harker, A. (2012). Landscapes of the dead: An argument for conservation burial.
Berkeley Planning Journal, 25(1).
82. Coutts, C.; Basmajian, C.; Sehee, J.; Kelty, S.; Williams, P.C. Natural burial as a land
conservation tool in the US. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2018, 178, 130–143.
83. Yarwood, R.; Sidaway, J.D.; Kelly, C.; Stillwell, S. Sustainable deathstyles? The
geography of green burials in B ritain. Geogr. J. 2015, 181, 172–184.
84. Dickinson, G.E. Diversity in death: Body disposition and memorialization. Illn. Crisis
Loss 2012, 20, 141–158.
48
85. Litten, Julian. 1991. The English Way of Death: The Common Funeral Since 1450.
London: Hale.
86. Robinson, G. M. (2021). Dying to Go Green: The Introduction of Resomation in the
United Kingdom. Religions, 12(2), 97.
87. Keijzer, E.; Kok, H.; BV, S.Y.H. (2011). Environmental Impact of Different Funeral
Technologies; TNO-060-UT-2011-001432; TNO Innovation Appendix C: The Hague,
The Netherlands.
88. WHO. Infection Prevention and Control for the Safe Management of a Dead Body in the
Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 4 September 2020; World Health
Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020.
89. BBC NEWS (2005) Plan for freeze-dry body disposal. http://news.bbc.co.uk/g o/pr/fr/-
/2/hi/uk_news/england/staffordshire/4336100.stm. Accessed 21 May 2022.
90. Halloran, J.W. Carbon-neutral economy with fossil fuel-based hydrogen energy and
carbon materials. Energy Policy 2007, 35, 4839–4846.
91. Keith, D.W.; Rhodes, J.S. Bury, burn or both: A two-for-one deal on biomass carbon and
energy. Clim. Chang. 2002, 54, 375.
92. McDuff, M. Sacred Acts: How Churches are Working to Protect Earth′s Climate; New
Society Publishers: Gabriola, BC, Canada, 2012.
93. Alfus, K. M. (2020). Better homes and scattered gardens: Why iowa should legalize
"human composting" as a method of final disposition. Iowa Law Review, 106(1), 325-
362.
94. Sub-county, M.; County, T.N. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study
Report for the Development of Tribute Funeral Home. Available online: (accessed on 10
Mar. 2020).
95. MacMurray, N.; Futrell, R. Ecological death reform and death system change. OMEGA49
J. Death Dying 2021, 83, 859–883.
96. Range, P.D. ν Crude death rate of the population per 1000 people. people 10, 45.
97. He, Z., Wang, Y., Hu, D., & Wang, Y. (2021). Traditional funeral culture and modern
green ecological funeral construction. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science (Vol. 692, No. 4, p. 042082). IOP Publishing.
98. Zeng, C., Sweet, W., & Cheng, Q. (2016). Ecological citizenship and green burial in
china. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29(6), 985-1001.
99. U.S. Energy Information Administration. International Energy Outlook 2021, Reference
case. Available online: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-theenvironment/
outlook-for-future-emissions.php (accessed on October 8 Nov. 2021).
100. Crippa, M.; Guizzardi, D.; Solazzo, E.; Muntean, M.; Schaaf, E.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.;
Banja, M.; Olivier, J.G.J.; Grassi, G.; Rossi, S.; et al. GHG Emissions of All World
countries, 2021 Report, EUR 30831 EN; Publications Office of the European Union:
Luxembourg, 2021; ISBN 978-92-76-41547-3. https://doi.org/10.2760/173513,
JRC126363.
101. Xue, Y.; Cheng, L.; Chen, X.; Zhai, X.; Wang, W.; Zhang, W.; Wei, T. Emission
characteristics of harmful air pollutants from cremators in Beijing, China. PLoS ONE
2018, 13, e0194226.
102. Vujosevic, M.; Petrovic, R.; Senborn, A. A recurrence relation for calculating a reliability
increment in a series-parallel system. IEEE Trans. Reliab. 1991, 40, 359–360.
https://doi.org/10.1109/24.85456.
103. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
(2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Volume II: Demographic Profiles
(ST/ESA/SER.A/427). Available online:
https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/1_Demographic%20Profiles/World.pdf (accessed
50
on 31 Dec. 2019).
104. United Nations (UN). World Population Prospects. Available online:
https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/DemographicProfiles/Line/900 (accessed on June
2019).
105. United Nations (UN). Daily Cases and Deaths by Date Reported to WHO. 2022.
Available online: https://covid19.who.int/info/ https://covid19.who.int/WHO-COVID-
19-global-data.csv (accessed on 31 Jan. 2022).
106. Haneman, V.J. Tax Incentives for Green Burial. Nev. Law J. Forthcom. 2020 Vol. 21:2,
p.492.
107. Wimbadi, R.W.; Djalante, R. From decarbonization to low carbon development and
transition: A systematic literature review of the conceptualization of moving toward netzero
carbon dioxide emission (1995–2019). J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 256, 120307.
108. Winters, J.R. (2017). Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior in the United States
Funeral Industry: A Case Study. Northcentral University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
109. Keijzer, E. (2011). Environmental Impact of Funerals. Life Cycle Assessments of
Activities After Life. Master’s Thesis. University of Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands.
110. Basmajian, C.; Coutts, C. Planning for the disposal of the dead. J. Am. Plan. Assoc.
2010, 76, 305–317.
111. Klaufus, C. (2014). Deathscapes in Latin America′s metropolises: Urban land use,
funerary transformations, and daily inconveniences. European Review of Latin American
and Caribbean Studies/Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 99-
111.
112. Clayden, A., Hockey, J., & Powell, M. (2010). Natural Burial: the de-materialising of
death?. In The Matter of Death (pp. 148-164). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
51
113. Westendorp, M., & Gould, H. (2021). Re-feminizing death: Gender, spirituality and
death care in the anthropocene. Religions, 12(8), 667.
114. Rsprc.ntu.edu.tw. (2022). Taiwan companies respond to support TCFD initiative,
financial and technology industries take the lead in moving towards net zero. [online]
Available at: <https://rsprc.ntu.edu.tw/zh-tw/m01-3/climate-change/1713-0629-
tcfd.html> [Accessed 12 August 2022].
指導教授 蔡文賢(Wen-Hsien Tsai) 審核日期 2022-8-24
推文 facebook   plurk   twitter   funp   google   live   udn   HD   myshare   reddit   netvibes   friend   youpush   delicious   baidu   
網路書籤 Google bookmarks   del.icio.us   hemidemi   myshare   

若有論文相關問題,請聯絡國立中央大學圖書館推廣服務組 TEL:(03)422-7151轉57407,或E-mail聯絡  - 隱私權政策聲明