DSpace collection: 博碩士論文

以三維列印平滑至微粗糙岩石節理之室內量測重新檢視 JRC 作為應力依存開度預測因子之適用性;Revisiting JRC as a Predictor of Stress-Dependent Apertures Based on Laboratory Measurements Using 3D-Printed Smooth to Slightly Rough Rock Joints

title: 以三維列印平滑至微粗糙岩石節理之室內量測重新檢視 JRC 作為應力依存開度預測因子之適用性;Revisiting JRC as a Predictor of Stress-Dependent Apertures Based on Laboratory Measurements Using 3D-Printed Smooth to Slightly Rough Rock Joints abstract: 本論文評估節理粗糙度係數（Joint Roughness Coefficient， JRC）是否足以作為單一描述參數，用以預測光滑至微粗糙岩石節理中應力依賴之力學孔隙（mechanical aperture， E）與水力孔隙（hydraulic aperture， e）。為釐清此問題，本研究建立一套可控制之實驗架構，使用具有可重複表面組態、吻合與不吻合條件，以及目標粗糙度範圍 JRC = 3.5 至 5.8 之 3D 列印圓柱狀節理類比試體進行測試。力學孔隙 E 係以節理體積法量測，水力孔隙 e 則由 YOKO2 系統之穩態氣體流試驗求得。本研究考量兩種端元流動組態，包含流體橫越粗糙波紋之橫向流，以及流體沿粗糙波紋方向流動之平行流。針對平行流系列，另使用感壓薄膜量化應力依賴之表觀接觸面積演化。研究結果顯示，3D 列印節理類比試體架構能夠重現預定之節理幾何形貌，並產生具重複性且具物理意義之應力依賴孔隙變化趨勢。在本研究測試之粗糙度範圍與實驗室條件下，節理吻合程度對孔隙演化具有一階控制作用。吻合節理通常呈現較小孔隙、較規律之閉合行為，以及較明顯之表觀接觸發展；相較之下，不吻合節理則保留較大且更不均質之孔隙空間。單獨以 JRC 並無法充分整理或解釋所觀察到之孔隙反應。對於吻合節理，即使試體具有相近之 JRC 值，當其表面組態不同時，仍可能呈現不同之水力反應。對於不吻合節理，JRC 之影響較為明顯，但其作用仍受流動方向與殘餘流通通道連通性所調節。 ΔE-e 關係及其負斜率參數 -C 提供了一項有用之診斷指標，可用以描述水力孔隙對力學閉合之敏感性。直接 E-e 關係與 E/e-e 關係進一步指出，在本研究測試條件下，僅以 JRC 為基礎之關係式無法將力學孔隙唯一轉換為水力孔隙。進一步以 JRC、代表性表觀接觸條件描述參數，以及無因次化力學勁度項對 -C 進行之探索性結構參數化，可支持上述詮釋；然而，此參數化應被視為診斷性描述，而非已驗證之預測方程式。整體而言，JRC 仍可作為描述粗糙度大小之一階指標；然而，對於本研究所測試之光滑至微粗糙節理，其應力依賴孔隙行為仍需結合節理吻合程度、表面組態、表觀接觸演化、流通路徑連通性與流動方向共同詮釋。;This thesis evaluates whether the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) is sufficient as a standalone descriptor for predicting stress-dependent mechanical aperture， E， and hydraulic aperture， e， in smooth-to-slightly rough rock joints. A controlled experimental framework was developed using 3D-printed cylindrical joint analogues with repeatable surface configurations， matched and mismatched conditions， and a target roughness range of JRC = 3.5 - 5.8. Mechanical aperture was measured using the joint-volume method， while hydraulic aperture was obtained from steady-state gas-flow measurements using the YOKO2 system. Two end-member flow configurations were examined: transverse flow across the roughness corrugations and parallel flow along the corrugations. For the parallel-flow series， pressure-sensitive films were used to quantify stress-dependent apparent contact-area evolution. The results show that the 3D-printed analogue framework reproduced the intended joint geometries and generated repeatable， physically meaningful stress-dependent aperture trends. Within the tested roughness range and laboratory conditions， matedness exerted a first-order control on aperture evolution. Matched joints generally showed smaller apertures， more systematic closure behavior， and more extensive apparent contact development， whereas mismatched joints retained larger and more heterogeneous void spaces. JRC alone did not fully organize the observed aperture responses. In matched joints， specimens with similar JRC values could exhibit different hydraulic responses when their surface configurations differed. In mismatched joints， the influence of JRC became more apparent， but remained conditional on flow orientation and residual channel connectivity. The ΔE-e relation and its negative-slope parameter， -C， provided a useful diagnostic measure of hydraulic sensitivity to mechanical closure. The direct E-e and E/e-e relations further indicated that mechanical aperture could not be uniquely converted into hydraulic aperture using a JRC-based relation alone under the tested conditions. The exploratory structural parameterization of -C using JRC， a representative apparent contact-condition descriptor， and a dimensionless mechanical-stiffness term further supports this interpretation， but should be regarded as diagnostic rather than predictive. Overall， JRC remains useful as a first-order roughness descriptor; however， stress-dependent aperture behavior in the tested smooth-to-slightly rough joints requires interpretation together with matedness， surface configuration， apparent contact evolution， flow-path connectivity， and flow orientation.

多重滲透性反應牆系統整治原始污染物與其降解生成污染物共存地下水污染的解析模擬與功能評估;Analytical modeling and performance evaluation for multi-permeable reactive barrier system for remediation of groundwater contamination susceptible to coexistence of original contaminant and its degradation-related byproducts

title: 多重滲透性反應牆系統整治原始污染物與其降解生成污染物共存地下水污染的解析模擬與功能評估;Analytical modeling and performance evaluation for multi-permeable reactive barrier system for remediation of groundwater contamination susceptible to coexistence of original contaminant and its degradation-related byproducts abstract: 地下水污染物在地下環境傳輸過程中常伴隨降解反應，形成原始污染物與其連續降解生成污染物共存的問題。由於各物種具有不同的傳輸與反應特性，僅降低原始污染物濃度未必能有效控制其降解生成污染物。多重滲透性反應牆可藉由設置多個反應區域，使污染物及其降解生成污染物在通過反應區域的過程中逐步受到處理與降解，因此為處理多物種地下水污染之具潛力整治技術。本研究發展考慮平衡與非平衡吸附之多重滲透性反應牆系統多物種污染物傳輸解析解模式，並以含氯溶劑之連續降解途徑進行模式驗證與效能評估。進一步應用所發展之解析解模式，探討在平衡吸附及不同動力學吸附條件下降解速率常數與分配係數如何影響多物種污染物傳輸行為，並評估第二道反應牆厚度與氯乙烯降解能力對整治效能之影響。結果顯示，較高的降解速率通常可降低下游污染物濃度；在平衡吸附條件下，較大的分配係數可增強污染物遲滯效應。然而，在非平衡吸附條件下，分配係數所能發揮的影響取決於溶解相與吸附相之間的質量交換速率；當吸附速率較慢時，污染物較不易由溶解相轉移至吸附相，因此較高比例的污染物仍以溶解態存在並遷移至下游區域，且此影響於整治初期較為明顯。在設計分析中，氯乙烯因具致癌性且最大污染物濃度限值較低，成為控制多重滲透性反應牆設計需求的關鍵物種。提高第二道反應牆反應材料所提供的氯乙烯降解能力，比提高第一道反應牆中四氯乙烯的降解能力更能有效控制下游氯乙烯濃度。在平衡吸附條件下，當第二道反應牆對氯乙烯的降解能力提高為2倍及4倍時，所需厚度可分別降低約24%與40%，可望減少反應材料用量及相關施工成本。在非平衡吸附條件下，較慢的質量交換速率會增加第二道反應牆所需厚度，顯示現地吸附動力特性亦應納入反應牆系統設計考量。;Groundwater contaminants often undergo degradation during subsurface transport， producing multiple daughter products with different transport and reaction behaviors. This multispecies condition complicates remediation because controlling the parent compound alone may not adequately address its degradation products. Multi-permeable reactive barrier systems provide a promising approach through sequential attenuation within multiple reactive zones. In this study， analytical models were developed to simulate multispecies transport under equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption conditions. A sequential degradation pathway for chlorinated solvents was adopted for model verification and performance evaluation. The models were used to evaluate degradation rate constants and distribution coefficients under equilibrium and different kinetic sorption conditions， as well as PRB2 thickness and VC degradation capacity. Faster degradation generally reduced downstream concentrations， while larger distribution coefficients enhanced retardation under equilibrium sorption. However， this benefit depended on sufficiently rapid mass exchange between the dissolved and sorbed phases. Slow sorption maintained higher dissolved concentrations and greater downgradient migration， particularly during the earlier stages of remediation. In the design analysis， VC， a carcinogenic daughter product with a relatively low MCL， was identified as the critical species for compliance. Enhancing the VC degradation capacity of the PRB2 reactive medium was more effective than increasing PCE degradation in PRB1. Under equilibrium sorption， doubling and quadrupling the VC degradation capacity of PRB2 reduced the required thickness by approximately 24% and 40%， respectively， potentially reducing reactive-material demand and construction costs. Under nonequilibrium sorption， slower mass transfer increased the required thickness， indicating that site-specific sorption kinetics should also be considered in PRB design.

臺北盆地 VS30 製圖方法之精進：從二維傳統插值至三維機率式馬可夫隨機場建模;Advancing VS30 Mapping in the Taipei Basin: From 2D Deterministic Interpolation to 3D Probabilistic Markov Random Field Modelling

title: 臺北盆地 VS30 製圖方法之精進：從二維傳統插值至三維機率式馬可夫隨機場建模;Advancing VS30 Mapping in the Taipei Basin: From 2D Deterministic Interpolation to 3D Probabilistic Markov Random Field Modelling abstract: 本論文建立一套整合性架構，以改進臺北盆地的 VS30 製圖，本論文建立一套整合性架構，以改進臺北盆地的 VS30 製圖，並以提升高人口密度沉積盆地中地震場址特性評估之可靠性為整體目標。VS30 廣泛作為近地表場址條件的實用代理指標，但區域尺度的製圖常受限於直接剪力波速（VS）量測資料稀少，以及地下地質條件的不確定性。為了因應這些問題，本論文結合決定論與機率論方法，並由三項相互關聯的研究組成。首先，本研究利用基於孔隙比與有效應力所建立之新經驗式 VS 估算函數、將淺層（< 30 m）鑽孔外推至 30 m 深度，以及具有變動局部平均值之克利金法，建立改良後的決定論 VS30 製圖方法。此方法產製出解析度更高的臺北盆地 VS30 圖，並提升場址條件估算的空間涵蓋範圍。其次，本研究建立了一套以機率式馬可夫隨機場（Markov random field， MRF）為基礎的 VS30 製圖架構，用以將地層與地質材料性質的不確定性傳遞至最終的 VS30 預測結果中。此架構結合了基於 MRF 的地層模擬、受地層條件約束之地質材料性質隨機場、經驗式 VS 估算，以及以模型集合為基礎的 VS30 計算。與決定論製圖相比，此機率式架構可提供更佳的預測精度，以及在物理意義上更具合理性的不確定性量化結果，顯示最終 VS30 的變異性不僅受資料間距影響，也受到地質模糊性與地質材料性質變異的控制。第三，本論文利用以臺北盆地鑽孔資料為基礎所建構的合成地層模型，探討地層 MRF 建模中空間相關參數的尺度相依性。結果顯示，校正後的參數並非尺度不變，而是會隨取樣剖面長度與鑽孔密度而改變，突顯出在不同調查尺度下應用 MRF 建模時，進行明確參數校正與審慎解釋的必要性。綜合而言，這三項研究呈現出由決定論 VS30 製圖逐步推進至納入不確定性考量之機率式建模的完整脈絡。;This thesis develops an integrated framework for improving VS30 mapping in the Taipei Basin， with the broader aim of supporting more reliable seismic site characterisation in a densely populated sedimentary basin. VS30 is widely used as a practical proxy for near-surface site conditions， but regional mapping is often limited by sparse direct shear-wave velocity (VS) measurements and uncertainty in subsurface geological conditions. To address these issues， this thesis combines conventional and probabilistic approaches across three linked studies. First， improved conventional VS30 mapping was developed using new empirical VS estimation functions based on void ratio and effective stress， extrapolation of shallow (< 30 m) boreholes to 30 m depth， and kriging with varying local means. This produced a higherresolution VS30 map of the Taipei Basin and improved the spatial coverage of site-condition estimates. Second， a probabilistic Markov random field (MRF)-based VS30 mapping framework was developed to propagate stratigraphic and geo-property uncertainty into final VS30 predictions. This framework combines MRF-based stratigraphic simulations， stratigraphically conditioned geo-property random fields， empirical VS estimation， and ensemble-based VS30 calculation. Compared with conventional mapping， the probabilistic framework produced improved prediction accuracy and more physically meaningful uncertainty quantification， showing that final VS30 variability is influenced not only by data spacing， but also by geological ambiguity and geo-property variability. Third， the thesis investigated the scale dependence of the spatial correlation parameter used in stratigraphic MRF modelling using a synthetic stratigraphic model based on Taipei Basin borehole data. The results showed that the calibrated parameter is not scale-invariant， but varies with sampling profile length and borehole density， highlighting the need for explicit parameter calibration and careful interpretation when applying MRF modelling at different investigation scales. Together， these studies provide a coherent progression from conventional VS30 mapping to probabilistic uncertainty-aware modelling.

整合遙測與水動力模擬之海岸線變遷評估架構：湄公河三角洲與斯瓦爾巴群島;An Integrated Remote Sensing and Hydrodynamic Modelling Framework for Shoreline Change Assessment in the Mekong Delta and Svalbard

title: 整合遙測與水動力模擬之海岸線變遷評估架構：湄公河三角洲與斯瓦爾巴群島;An Integrated Remote Sensing and Hydrodynamic Modelling Framework for Shoreline Change Assessment in the Mekong Delta and Svalbard abstract: 氣候變遷透過因環境背景而異的機制，重塑海岸地形及其所形塑的海岸線，然而利用可比較之方法，對北極冰凍圈系統與熱帶三角洲系統進行系統性比較的研究仍相當稀少。本論文建立一套整合遙測與 hydrodynamic modelling 的框架，用以評估兩個對比環境中的海岸線變化（shoreline change）——越南湄公河三角洲（Mekong River Delta， MRD）河口區，以及挪威 Svalbard 的 Kaffiøyra 海岸—冰河區——時間跨度近四十年。本研究以海岸線變化為核心，並將支配其變化的沉積物供應過程（三角洲的河川輸沙，以及 Kaffiøyra 的冰河末端與 outwash plain 動態）作為輔助分析項目。於 MRD，本研究使用九幅 Landsat 影像（1987–2025）及一套經校正的 Delft3D 模式（NSE 0.66–0.92），量化 223 km 海岸線的變化。Weighted Linear Regression 變化率介於 −32.91 至 +94.22 m/yr 之間，顯示出強烈的幾何控制：凸出的岬角使波浪能量聚焦而侵蝕，凹入的灣澳則使能量發散而堆積。三角洲於約 2005 年後由淨堆積轉為淨侵蝕，最符合人為沉積物匱乏（sediment starvation）之解釋——此歸因係基於多重佐證（converging lines of evidence）——因上游水壩使懸浮沉積物輸送量由 143 Mt/yr（2007）降至 47 Mt/yr（2020）。在 IPCC 海平面上升情境（SSP1-1.9 至 SSP5-8.5）下，上游測站的水位上升呈現非線性放大，於 My Thuan 站在所有情境下均超過海域邊界驅動量的兩倍。於 Kaffiøyra，本研究使用三十幅 Landsat 影像（1985–2023），同步追蹤八條冰河末端、31 km 海岸線及三處 outwash plain。所有冰河均呈系統性退縮（R² = 0.83–0.96），並與氣溫呈顯著負相關（r = −0.55 至 −0.69，p < 0.01）。Tidewater 冰河平均退縮速率為 41.84 m/yr，超過 land-terminating 冰河（19.52 m/yr）的兩倍，反映了源自 Atlantic Water 入流的額外海洋驅動力。海岸線變化呈現與 wave-refraction 控制一致的空間型態（與 MRD 相仿，惟尚未經模式證實），其中 Aavatsmarkbreen tidewater 冰河末端附近出現極端堆積（+13.02 m/yr），顯示直接的 paraglacial 沉積物輸送。Land-terminating 冰河雖損失 34–69% 的末端面積，卻未偵測到明顯的海岸堆積增強；outwash plain 變化亦甚微（−6.4% 至 +2.7%），顯示其在局部谷地幾何與永凍層（permafrost）控制下，與冰河退縮呈現脫鉤（decoupling）。比較綜整得出三項主要發現。其一，全球暖化因沉積物路徑的完整性不同，產生相反的沉積物走向：三角洲因人為中斷河川輸沙而流失沉積物，北極海岸則因冰凍圈過程完整而獲得沉積物。其二，wave refraction 在兩個系統中皆依海岸線幾何組織其空間變化型態——於 MRD 已獲因果證實，於 Kaffiøyra 則有觀測支持——而沉積物供應量則決定此幾何脆弱性轉化為可量測海岸線位移的速率。其三，連通性（connectivity，即沉積物路徑將氣候驅動連結至海岸的效率）為海岸脆弱性的關鍵決定因素，且無法僅由氣候驅動推知。因此，海岸脆弱性評估須如同關注氣候驅動一般，同等關注沉積物級聯（sediment cascade).;Climate change reshapes coastal landforms through mechanisms that depend on environmental context， yet systematic comparisons between Arctic cryospheric and tropical deltaic systems using comparable methods remain rare. This dissertation develops an integrated remote sensing and hydrodynamic modelling framework for assessing shoreline change in two contrasting environments — the Mekong River Delta (MRD)， Vietnam， and the Kaffiøyra coastal-glacial region， Svalbard， Norway — over nearly four decades. Shoreline change is the central focus; the sediment-supply processes that govern it — fluvial delivery in the delta， and glacier and outwash-plain dynamics at Kaffiøyra — are analysed as supporting components. For the MRD， nine Landsat scenes (1987–2025) and a calibrated Delft3D model (NSE 0.66–0.92) were used to quantify shoreline change across 223 km of coastline. Weighted Linear Regression rates ranged from −32.91 to +94.22 m/yr， revealing strong geometric control: convex headlands focus wave energy and erode， while concave embayments defocus energy and accrete. The delta′s shift from net accretion to net erosion after approximately 2005 is most consistent with anthropogenic sediment starvation — attributed on converging lines of evidence — as upstream dams cut suspended sediment delivery from 143 Mt/yr (2007) to 47 Mt/yr (2020). Under IPCC sea-level rise scenarios (SSP1-1.9 to SSP5-8.5)， projected water-level rise at upstream stations amplifies non-linearly， exceeding double the ocean boundary forcing at My Thuan under all pathways. For Kaffiøyra， thirty Landsat scenes (1985–2023) tracked eight glacier termini， 31 km of shoreline， and three outwash plains simultaneously. All glaciers retreated systematically (R² = 0.83–0.96) with significant negative temperature correlation (r = −0.55 to −0.69， p < 0.01). Tidewater glaciers retreated at 41.84 m/yr — more than twice the land-terminating rate (19.52 m/yr) — reflecting additional marine forcing from Atlantic Water inflow. Shoreline change showed a spatial pattern consistent with wave-refraction control (comparable to the MRD but not yet model-confirmed)， with extreme accretion near the Aavatsmarkbreen tidewater terminus (+13.02 m/yr) indicating direct paraglacial sediment delivery. Land-terminating glaciers， despite losing 34–69% of terminus area， produced no detectable coastal enhancement， and outwash plains changed minimally (−6.4% to +2.7%)， indicating decoupling from glacier retreat under local valley-geometry and permafrost control. Comparative synthesis yields three findings. First， global warming produces opposite sediment trajectories depending on pathway integrity: the delta loses sediment through anthropogenic interruption of fluvial supply， while the Arctic coast gains it through intact cryospheric processes. Second， wave refraction organises the spatial pattern of change in both systems — causally demonstrated for the MRD， observationally supported for Kaffiøyra — while sediment availability sets the rate at which that geometric vulnerability becomes measurable shoreline movement. Third， connectivity — how efficiently sediment pathways link climate forcing to the coast — is the critical determinant of coastal vulnerability， and cannot be inferred from climate forcing alone. Assessing coastal vulnerability therefore requires reading the sediment cascade as attentively as the climate forcing itself.