在全球淨零排放趨勢下，運具電動化已成為各國降低運輸部門溫室氣體排放之關 鍵策略。其中，公車電動化因具備高使用頻率與固定路線特性，其減碳與空污治理效 果顯著，故備受重視。台灣政府亦提出「2030 客運車輛全面電動化推動計畫」，並投 入大量資源補助，試圖帶動本土產業鏈發展。然而，電動巴士實際導入數量與政策目 標間仍存有落差，且學術研究多聚焦於乘用車或基礎建設，對電動大巴產業之系統性 分析相對不足。 本研究旨在以產業組織理論之(SCP）架構，系統性檢視 2010 年至 2025 年間台灣 電動巴士產業之發展。首先，透過文獻回顧與政策歷程梳理，建構產業發展脈絡。其 次，深入分析產業之供給與需求基本條件、市場結構（包括集中度與進入障礙）、主 要廠商（華德動能、成運汽車、創奕能源）之競爭行為（含技術、定價、商業模式與 策略聯盟），以及產業之財務、環境與社會績效。 本研究結果顯示，台灣電動巴士市場呈現「高度寡占但仍具競爭性」之產業結構，其 CR4 約為 95%，HHI 約為 2340，顯示市場集中度高，主要由少數廠商所主導。然而，廠 商間之競爭並非僅限於價格層面，而係以技術能力、產品品質、系統整合及售後服務 等差異化策略為主要競爭手段。 此外，產業發展高度依賴政府政策推動，形成具典型特徵之「政策驅動型寡占競爭市 場」。惟在政策執行層面，仍存在補助核定數量與實際上路營運車輛數之落差，反映 出政策落實效率與配套機制仍有改善空間。 5 基於上述分析，本研究分別對企業與政府提出策略建議。就企業而言，應強化由產品 導向轉型為服務導向之商業模式，並積極發展智慧化應用與國際市場布局，以提升整 體競爭力；就政府而言，則建議由傳統補助導向轉為重視全生命週期成本（Total Cost of Ownership， TCO）之政策設計，同時強化產官學合作機制，以提升關鍵技術自主能 力。;Amid the global trend toward net-zero emissions， the electrification of transportation has become a key strategy for countries seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. Among various applications， the electrification of public buses has received particular attention due to their high utilization rates and fixed routes， which make them especially effective in reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality. In Taiwan， the government has launched the “2030 Comprehensive Electrification Plan for Public Transport Vehicles” and has committed substantial subsidies to promote the development of the domestic industrial supply chain. However， a gap remains between the actual deployment of electric buses and policy targets. Moreover， existing academic research has largely focused on passenger vehicles or infrastructure， with relatively limited systematic analysis of the electric bus industry. This study aims to systematically examine the development of Taiwan’s electric bus industry from 2010 to 2025 using the Structure–Conduct–Performance (SCP) framework of industrial organization theory. First， through a review of the literature and policy evolution， the study constructs the developmental context of the industry. It then analyzes the fundamental supply and demand conditions， market structure (including concentration and entry barriers)， and the competitive conduct of major firms—Master Transportation Bus Manufacturing Ltd.， RAC Electric Vehicles Inc.， and Tron Energy Technology Corp.—covering aspects such as technology， pricing， business models， and strategic alliances. In addition， the study evaluates industry performance in terms of financial， environmental， and social outcomes. The findings indicate that Taiwan’s electric bus market exhibits a “highly oligopolistic yet competitive” structure， with a four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) of approximately 95% and a Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) of around 2340， suggesting a high level of market concentration dominated by a few key players. Nevertheless， competition among firms extends beyond price， focusing instead on differentiation strategies such as technological capability， product quality， system integration， and after-sales service. Furthermore， the industry is highly dependent on government policy support， forming a “policy-driven oligopolistic competitive market.” Despite this， discrepancies persist between the number of subsidized vehicles approved and the number of buses actually deployed in operation， indicating room for improvement in policy implementation efficiency and supporting mechanisms. Based on these findings， this study proposes strategic recommendations for both firms and the government. Firms are advised to transition from a product-oriented approach to a serviceoriented business model， while actively developing smart applications and expanding into international markets to enhance competitiveness. For the government， it is recommended to shift from traditional subsidy-based policies toward frameworks that emphasize total cost of 7 ownership (TCO)， while strengthening collaboration among industry， government， and academia to enhance indigenous technological capabilities.
