本文以獨立運行之交流孤島微電網為研究對象,主要探討在多台電力電子轉換器並聯運作時,如何維持各轉換器之間的功率合理分配,並確保微電網系統的電壓與頻率穩定。一般而言,微電網常透過集中式或分散式控制架構,藉由通訊設備傳遞各分散式電源之運行資訊,以達成功率協調、電壓恢復與頻率調節等控制目標。然而,當微電網處於孤島運行模式時,若因通訊設備故障、自然災害、線路中斷或其他突發事件導致通訊失聯,原本依賴資訊交換的控制策略將可能無法正常運作。 在此情況下,集中式控制或分散式控制的失效,將使各轉換器無法即時獲得其他單元的運行狀態,進而造成有功與虛功分配不均,甚至可能導致部分轉換器過載或系統運行效率下降。此外,若第二級控制因通訊中斷而無法執行,微電網將失去對電壓與頻率偏差的補償能力,使系統電壓與頻率可能產生明顯偏移,嚴重時將影響負載供電品質與整體系統穩定性。因此,本文著重於發展在通訊受限或無通訊條件下,仍能維持功率分配準確性及電壓、頻率穩定性的控制方法,以提升孤島微電網面對通訊異常與外部干擾時的可靠度與韌性。在離島交流微電網中,分散式儲能系統(distributed energy storage systems, DESSs)通常會透過電壓源型逆變器(voltage source inverters, VSIs)與微電網相互耦合,並作為主要的電能調節單元。當多台 VSI 並聯運行時,為了提升系統整體運行效率、避免單一逆變器承受過高負載,並延長各儲能單元與功率轉換器的使用壽命,通常期望各台 VSI 能夠依據其額定容量比例,合理地分擔有功功率與虛功。在傳統下垂控制架構中,有功功率通常可藉由頻率下垂控制實現較為準確的分配。由於各逆變器的輸出頻率在穩態時會趨於一致,因此透過適當設計有功功率-頻率下垂係數,即可使不同容量的 VSI 按照額定功率比例進行有功功率分享。然而,相較於有功功率分配,虛功的準確分享則更加困難。其主要原因在於各逆變器與公共耦合點之間的線路阻抗通常並不相同,導致各台逆變器輸出端至負載端的電壓降存在差異。此外,電壓感測器的比例誤差、量測偏差以及實際線路參數的不確定性,也會進一步影響虛功分配的準確度。 因此,即使各台 VSI 採用相同或依容量比例設計的虛功-電壓下垂控制,實際運 行時仍可能因線路阻抗不匹配而造成虛功分配不均,甚至使部分逆變器承受過大的無功電流。為了解決此問題,已有許多文獻提出透過線路阻抗估測的方法,取得各逆變器至公共耦合點之間的等效阻抗資訊,並進一步補償相應的虛擬阻抗。藉由調整逆變器的等效輸出阻抗,可降低線路阻抗差異對虛功分配的影響,進而提升多台 VSI 之間虛功分享的準確性與系統運行穩定度。然而,若微電網運行於弱電網或系統參數變動較大的情況下,線路阻抗估測的準確性將受到明顯影響,使得阻抗補償值難以精確計算,進而降低虛功分配的改善效果。換言之,當估測所得的線路阻抗與實際饋線阻抗存在誤差時,所補償的虛擬阻抗可能無法有效抵消各逆變器之間的線路阻抗差異,甚至可能進一步造成虛功分配偏差。 此外,在無通訊或通訊延遲補償的控制架構下,傳統電壓恢復機制仍存在一定限制。由於各台轉換器無法即時取得其他單元的運行狀態,或是受到控制啟動時間、量測誤差與延遲補償效果不同的影響,各轉換器所產生的電壓補償量未必完全一致。當系統長時間運行時,這些補償量之間的差異將逐漸累積,使各逆變器的輸出電壓參考值產生偏移,最終導致虛功分配不均,甚至可能影響整體微電網的穩定性與供電品質。 為了解決上述問題,本文提出一種非對稱自適應虛擬阻抗控制策略。相較於傳統固定式虛擬阻抗或依賴線路阻抗估測的補償方法,所提出的方法具有更明確的物理意義。其核心概念在於建立實際虛功、電壓偏差,以及饋線阻抗不匹配對各逆變器虛功分配影響之間的明確關係,並根據各台逆變器的運行狀態自適應調整其虛擬阻抗。藉由此控制策略,可在不依賴高速通訊或精確線路阻抗估測的情況下,修正傳統下垂控制因饋線阻抗差異所造成的虛功分配誤差,進一步提升孤島微電網中多台轉換器並聯運行時的功率分配準確性與系統穩定性。;This thesis focuses on an islanded AC microgrid with multiple power electronic converters operating in parallel. The main objective is to maintain proper power sharing among converters while ensuring the voltage and frequency stability of the microgrid. In conventional centralized or distributed control architectures, communication systems are commonly used to exchange operating information among distributed generation units for power coordination, voltage restoration, and frequency regulation. However, when communication failures occur due to equipment faults, natural disasters, line interruptions, or other unexpected events, communication-dependent control strategies may no longer operate properly. Under communication-limited or communication-free conditions, each converter cannot obtain the operating status of other units in real time. This may result in unequal active and reactive power sharing, converter overloading, reduced system efficiency, and degraded voltage and frequency regulation. Therefore, developing a control strategy that can maintain power sharing accuracy and system stability without relying on communication is essential for improving the reliability and resilience of islanded microgrids. In islanded AC microgrids, distributed energy storage systems are usually connected to the microgrid through voltage source inverters, which serve as the main power regulation units. When multiple inverters operate in parallel, they are expected to share active and reactive power according to their rated capacities. In conventional droop control, active power sharing can generally be achieved through frequency droop control because the output frequencies of all inverters become identical in steady state. However, accurate reactive power sharing is more difficult because different feeder impedances cause unequal voltage drops between each inverter and the point of common coupling. Measurement errors and line parameter uncertainties further deteriorate the reactive power sharing accuracy. Although virtual impedance and line impedance estimation methods have been proposed to improve reactive power sharing, their performance strongly depends on the accuracy of impedance estimation. When the estimated impedance differs from the actual feeder impedance, the compensation effect may be reduced and may even worsen the reactive power sharing error. In addition, under communication-free or delayed-control conditions, the voltage restoration compensation generated by different converters may not be identical. These unequal compensation values can accumulate over time, causing deviations in voltage references and further affecting reactive power sharing and system stability. To address these issues, this thesis proposes an asymmetric adaptive virtual impedance control strategy. The proposed method establishes a relationship among reactive power, voltage deviation, and feeder impedance mismatch, and adaptively adjusts the virtual impedance according to the operating condition of each inverter. Compared with conventional fixed virtual impedance or impedance-estimation-based methods, the proposed strategy does not require high-speed communication or accurate feeder impedance estimation. Therefore, it can improve reactive power sharing accuracy and enhance the stability of multiple converters operating in parallel in an islanded microgrid.