在全球減碳趨勢與淨零碳排政策下，開發低碳且穩定基載潛力的再生能源至為關鍵。相較於易受環境干擾的間歇性綠能，台灣豐富的海洋資源，具備發展鹽差能之優勢。電容反向電透析(Capacitive Reverse Electrodialysis， CRED)技術有望兼具環境永續與穩定產電之效益。現階段CRED系統之研究多侷限於進流水之參數設計與離子交換膜之改質，鮮少系統性探討電極材料配比與電解液狀態對電壓動態輸出之影響。為此，本研究旨在優化CRED系統之活性碳電極(涵蓋導電材料、粒徑與黏結劑配比)，並探討電解液操作參數(濃度、流速及溫度)與系統模組放大對產電效能之影響機制。 研究實測結果顯示，在電極製備方面，以碳黑取代石墨做為導電材料能建構更穩定之導電網路，功率密度可達0.365 Wm-2，較使用石墨可提高功率密度46%；活性碳材料則以小粒徑(12 μm)表現最佳，因具有較高之比電容。此外，實驗證實10 wt% PVDF為最佳黏結劑比例，能在導電網路、電吸附位點與結構穩定性間取得最佳平衡。 在電解液參數優化方面，0.4 M NaCl(aq)為最佳操作濃度，使功率密度較 0.2 M NaCl(aq)提升69.4%；電解液循環流速以0.2 cm/s 產電最佳，較0.5 cm/s提升 12.43%，若考量泵浦耗能以追求最高淨功率，則以0.1 cm/s為實務首選。電解液最佳操作溫度為30℃，因溶液黏度降低與擴散係數提升，功率密度較20℃提升 34.8%，若溫度攀升至40℃以上則會破壞膜結構導致效能急遽衰退。 在CRED操作參數上，進流水流速之提升能有效降低濃差極化並增加輸出功率。將外接電阻由2 Ω 降至1 Ω，功率密度可再提升62%。將單對膜擴展至十對膜模組時，功率密度達3.3 Wm-2 (成長約800%)。本研究系統化確立了CRED系統之電極配比與最佳操作參數，為未來藍色能源技術之應用提供了關鍵的學術依據。;Under the global trend of carbon reduction and net-zero emission policies， developing low-carbon renewable energy with stable baseload potential is crucial. Compared to intermittent green energy that is susceptible to environmental interference， the abundant marine resources in Taiwan present a distinct advantage for developing salinity gradient energy (SGE). Capacitive reverse electrodialysis (CRED) technology is expected to offer the dual benefits of environmental sustainability and stable power generation. Currently， research on CRED systems is mostly limited to influent parameter design and ion-exchange membrane modification. Few studies have systematically explored the effects of electrode material formulations and electrolyte conditions on dynamic voltage output. Therefore， this study aims to optimize the activated carbon electrodes of the CRED system (including conductive materials， particle size， and binder ratios) and to investigate the mechanisms by which electrolyte operating parameters (concentration， flow rate， and temperature) and system module scale-up affect power generation performance. Experimental results indicate that， regarding electrode preparation， replacing graphite with carbon black as the conductive material can construct a more stable conductive network. The power density reached 0.365 Wm-2， a 46% increase compared to using graphite in a single cell pair membrane module. For activated carbon materials， using small particle size (12 μm) resulted in the best performance due to its higher specific capacitance. Furthermore， experiments confirmed that 10 wt% PVDF is the optimal binder ratio， achieving the best balance among the conductive network， electrosorption sites， and structural stability. In terms of electrolyte parameter optimization， 0.4 M NaCl(aq) is the optimal operating concentration， yielding a power density 69.4% higher than that of 0.2 M NaCl(aq). The optimal electrolyte circulation flow rate for power generation is 0.2 cm/s， which showed a 12.43% improvement over 0.5 cm/s. However， when factoring in pump energy consumption to pursue the maximum net power， 0.1 cm/s is the preferred practical choice. The optimal operating temperature for the electrolyte is 30°C. Due to reduced solution viscosity and an increased diffusion coefficient， power density increased by 34.8% compared to 20°C. If the temperature exceeds 40°C， the membrane structure is damaged， leading to a sharp decline in performance. Regarding CRED operating parameters， increasing the influent flow rate effectively mitigates concentration polarization and increases output power. Reducing the external resistance from 2 Ω to 1 Ω can further increase the power density by 62%. When expanding the system from a single cell pair to a ten-cell-pair module， the power density reached 3.3 Wm-2 (a growth of approximately 800%). This study systematically established the optimal electrode formulation and operating parameters for CRED systems， providing a crucial academic foundation for the future application of blue energy technologies.
