善惡觀念是人類生命中很重要的疑問。無論是宗教，哲學和道德的討論都會詳細的研究善惡問題。但是，一般人都會以相對性的立場來看：有善就有惡，有惡就有善，怎麽為善，怎麽避免惡。關於善惡觀念的討論，在中國傳統思想中，以儒家孟子的性善論，荀子的性惡論為最主要的代表。道家思想方面，也有相關的文獻，以老子和莊子內七篇為重要代表。本文發現道家老莊的看法，不同於儒家所說的善惡是就人性的性善、性惡來說，老、莊的善、惡觀則是落在人對於既有的道德標準來做進一步的反省，尤其是就人對善惡觀念的執著，造成人的限制與困境來說。所以，如何超越善惡的相對性，超越善惡的標準與規定，用兩行之道的哲理，使人達到自然無為的境界。這是老莊道家善惡思想的關懷處，跟儒家思想的進路也很大的不同，兩家思想間有著很大的對比。尤其是就仁義禮智之善德來說，老子認為是有執、有為的，使人的生命不合於道的。如何使萬物各歸其根復其命，得到生命的自在本德與自然之道，這是老、莊所要表達與共同關注的問題，也是本文所要研究的主題之一。 Good and evil are part of very important question of the human condition and essence and it as been discuss, research and analyze by religions, philosophers and moralists. Usually, the good and evil will be turn into opposite concept, it will emphasis on how to do good and how to avoid evil. In the traditional Chinese Confucian thought, Mencius and Xun Zi are the most representative thinker on the subject. But the most interesting and innovative approach comes from the Lao Zi and the Zhuang Zi. Unlike the Confucian, those two Taoist books question the standard and the usual definition of good and evil, as well as the attachment to those standards, finally proposing to transcend good and evil as standard and opposite.
