| 摘要: | 哈洛德．伊薩克(Harold R. Isaacs, 2004）認為族群是集體認同，以「內在」族群的共同文化歷史來源（有共同語言、歷史和文化），和「對外」的表現，兩者之間的互動形成。Linda Basch (1994) 在世界體系理論的全球觀點上，建立跨國主義的理論，認為「跨國」是一種流程，由移民建立和維持多線的社會關係，將他們的原鄉和定居的社會連結。 台灣政府以文化政策促進台灣客家文化的發展，建構新台灣客家人的文化認同。根據台灣客家事務委員會對海外客家文化政策的發展，推動台灣客家為世界客家文化中心，「泰國台灣客家同鄉會」與台灣客委會建立密切的往來關係，並把台灣客家文化與認同想像的內涵帶到泰國，影響「泰國客家」的建構。 本研究將以「泰國台灣客家同鄉會」的經驗出發，探索他們的跨國認同與文化建構情形，將研究目的預設為：一、「泰國台灣客家同鄉會」的成立與其他組織的互動，主要是與泰國當地老客、泰國政府、中國政府與台灣政府的互動。二、台灣客家文化與泰國當地客家的互動如何形成台灣客家跨國文化與認同？如何應用客委會的客家文化政策推廣泰國客家文化的發展？ 三、「泰國台灣客家同鄉會」的跨國文化活動對泰國客家族群的影響是如何？客家認同是否上升？是否增加更多客家文化的瞭解？ 本論文以混合研究方法(mixed methods)為主，其最簡的定義是質化研究和量化研究方法的結合。從文獻分析法、參與觀察法、深度訪談和問卷調查，設為研究方法的四步驟。研究發現，台灣客家族群的建構有兩個因素：第一，泰國台灣客家的跨國文化，依據客委會促進台灣客家文化發展的影響。第二，泰國台灣客家的認同，與老客互動適應和調整影響的結果。呈現泰國台灣客家同鄉會是泰國與台灣文化橋梁的重要角色。從泰國台灣客家的認同，可發現台灣客家的雙重認同：一方面，他們強調客家族群的認同；另一方面，他們也強調台灣國族認同。泰國當地客家受到跨國新台灣客文化傳承的影響，也開始推動客家文化的的傳承。 Harold R. Isaacs (2004) pointed that ethnic identity is a collective identity, shaping from "internal" source of common cultural heritage which they have a common language, history and culture；and "external" of interaction performance. Linda Basch (1994) also pointed that theory of transnationalism is built on the point of view of the global world-system theory, that "transnational" is a process by immigrants to establish and maintain multi-social relationships, link to their homeland and settle community. Taiwan government policy is to promote the cultural development of Taiwan Hakka culture, building a new Taiwan Hakka cultural identity. Taiwan Hakka Affairs Commission hold on the Oversea Hakka policy of the development of Hakka culture, to promote Taiwan Hakka to a center of World Hakka cultural center. Taiwan Hakka Association in Thailand have established close contacts with Taiwan Hakka Affairs Commission, also have taken Taiwan Hakka culture and imagination of Hakka identity to Thailand, this is affecting the "Thailand Hakka" structure. This study will focus on the experience of Taiwan Hakka Association in Thailand, to explore the transnations identity and cultural construction of Taiwan Hakka Association in Thailand. The research purposes default：First, How is the established of Taiwan Hakka Association in Thailand, and the interaction with other organizations, including local Hakka people in Thailand, the government of Thailand, the government of China and the government of Taiwan？Second, How is the interaction between Taiwan Hakka culture and local Hakka people of Thailand to form Taiwan Hakka cross-culture and identity? How to apply the administrative committee of the Hakka cultural policies to promote the development of Hakka culture in Thailand? Third, How is the cross-cultural activity of Taiwan Hakka Association in Thailand to impact the Hakka community in Thailand? Is Hakka identity rising? Whether to increase the knowledge of Hakka culture? In this study used a mixed research methods of the qualitative research and quantitative research, the research methods set of four steps：literature analysis, participant observation, interviews and questionnaires. The study found that the constructions of Taiwan Hakka ethnic are two factors: First, cross-culture of Taiwan Hakka in Thailand is according to Taiwan Hakka Affairs Commission to promote the development of Taiwan Hakka culture. Second, The identity of Taiwan Hakka in Thailand, this is the impact of adaption and adjustment from the interactive with local Hakka people of Thailand. This is showing that Taiwan Hakka Association in Thailand is an important cultural bridge role for both Thailand and Taiwan. The identity of Taiwan Hakka in Thailand, this can be found that Taiwan Hakka have dual identity: on one hand, they emphasized on the Hakka ethnic identity; the other hand, they also stressed on Taiwan national identity. The local Hakka in Thailand have impacted from the new cross-cultural of Taiwan Hakka, they also began to promote Hakka culture and heritage. |
