| 摘要: | 臺灣的運動選手（特別是職業運動選手）長期以來皆須在經營階層的剝削下從業。近年來的研究和報導也可佐證選手們有聘用運動經紀人的傾向和意願，來代為處理運動場上以外的相關事宜。特別是以臺灣地區最為風行的職業棒球為例，現今的運動經紀人僅能於選手契約簽定前運作，俟後卻由球團囊括選手經紀權的特異景象。諷刺的是即便運動員為了保障自身的權益而聘用運動經紀人，卻反而招致運動經紀人的侵害。運動經紀人的不當行為可歸類為：對運動員收入之管理不當、不當收取佣金、利益衝突、不適任及侵盜運動員所委託之財物等五大類，其中又以不當收取佣金、利益衝突和不適任同樣常見於臺灣實務上的運動經紀爭議，對於學生運動員的侵害也尤有甚之。然而經紀本身亦是一種存在於契約關係當中的代理問題，同樣也會有逆向選擇和道德危機的發生。現有傳統的民法典型契約，並不適用於經紀契約或運動經紀契約，難以解決相關的爭議問題。 又經紀的範疇甚廣，不僅金融交易與勞務服務為標的的性質炯異，就連同樣以勞務給付的運動經紀與演藝經紀也相逕異，這也是為何近年以來經紀相關立法如雨後春筍般的原因。是故本文參照各國運動經紀制度的發展經驗與歷來學者的研究建議，於此擬制運動經紀管制條例。 本文擬以運動經紀人的資格限制、運動經紀人的充分揭露與報告義務、佣金比例明確化，以及運動經紀業的登記審查制度作為對應的管理手段；警語、審閱期和解約權的擬制，也可以作為締約前的緩衝機制，給予運動員及學生運動員更充份的思量空間，綜上以減少運動員就運動經紀人與運動經紀組織的逆向選擇問題發生。 再者為降低運動經紀契約簽訂後的道德風險，本文建議透過法令賦予主管機關審查、查核、仲裁與懲處的權限，增加對於運動經紀人的監控程度，降低運動經紀人不當行為的發生可能。 此外保證金制度的設計，不僅作為日後運動經紀人違約時的賠償準備，仲裁與懲戒機制也可嚇阻運動經紀人違規的企圖。佣金比例的明確化則是有助於運動經紀人以當事人的最佳利益為依歸 然而若欲全面監控運動經紀人之業務行為允當與否，而就運動經紀契約逐一審查，勢必得付出龐大的監督成本，故本文逕採契約自始無效以避免日後徒增的困擾，以降低為解決代理問題所產生的監督成本，俾利運動經紀交易型態的推展。 In Taiwan, athletes (esp. occupational athletes) strive against the management in a discriminatory working environment. According to researches and surveys in these years, athletes have the will to hire sports agent to deal with matters except on the field. Nowadays, sports agents can only function before signing contract with baseball teams in Taiwan. After signing contracts, players rights belong to the teams (also includes attorney ship). Even an agent acts for a player; they may encroach on athletes’ right. Income mismanagement, excessive fees, conflicts on interest, incompetence, misappropriation of funds entrusted to the agent by the athlete, and solicits student athlete are most common seen typical sports agent problem classified by scholars. Particularly, excessive fees, conflicts on interest, and incompetence are also often seen in Taiwan. Since sports agent is a kind of principal-agent relationship inhabits in a contract. There are adverse selections and moral hazard might occur. But traditional civil law doesn’t work very well to solve sports agent problems, it could take time and resources to identify which term belongs to that identical type contract. Even it might not available to fit in. From the advanced sports agent developing experience, sports agents are directed by governments or organizations. With legislative authority, well contract management, restricted commission and punishment will help to behave sports agents. (Occupational) Sports organizations are even more dominated in Taiwan. Information and professional knowledge was occupied by sports agents. So government has to take following suggestions as reference to plan the policy on sports and legalize a professional system of sports agents, enforce certification system and establish sports agents associations to mitigate risks. Government, sports organizations, athletes unions, agents associations and athletes also have the responsibility to supervise and improve sports agents system. This article recommends regulations to prevent athletes’ rights violated by sports agents. |
