客家話蟹攝字與周邊方言的比較研究;The comparison of the words of Xie She opening mouth in Hakka and neighboring dialects

NCUIR > College of Hakka Studies > Graduate Institute of Hakka Languate and Literature > Electronic Thesis & Dissertation > Item 987654321/54089

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Title:	客家話蟹攝字與周邊方言的比較研究;The comparison of the words of Xie She opening mouth in Hakka and neighboring dialects
Authors:	鄭淑方;CHENG,SHU-FANG
Contributors:	客家語文研究所
Keywords:	開合同韻;域外譯音;一二等重韻;語音對應;後圓唇元音;back rounded vowel;Sino-Annamese
Date:	2012-08-22
Issue Date:	2012-09-11 18:31:13 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	摘要：客家話蟹攝開口字的特色為：一、二等為前、後元音的對比，三、四等不合流，四等有洪音的表現。其中一、二等為前、後元音的對比，在各省各方言點的表現不盡相同，在廣東梅縣、翁源、清溪及江西省大部分的客方言點，大多為-o、-a的對比，即一等主要元音為-oi(或??)，二等為-ai。但這個-oi有不同形式的變體，在閩西武平這個-oi變為-u?i，長汀變-ue，寧化為-ua，江西的寧都為-uai，而不管這個一等元音-oi(或??)如何變，皆不出以後圓唇元音為首的複合韻範圍。這個以後圓唇元音為首的複合韻在南方各大方言蟹攝開口一等中均大有表現，尤其是贛語中有一部份方言點蟹攝一、二等的表現也呈現-o、-a的對比，可以說在蟹攝一、二等的表現上。贛語和客家話是較為接近的。雖然客家話蟹攝三等和官話方言一樣，大多為-i元音（舌齒音聲母則為舌尖元音），但部分方言點四等中仍保留了洪音-ai，及同於一等以後圓唇元音為首的複合韻-oi(-ue、-ua、-uai等)。這些洪音多保留於一些常用字中，如“泥、犁、弟、低、雞”等字為-ai韻，而後圓唇元音為首的複合韻幾乎只保留於“梯”一字之中，也就是同於一等元音的表現。閩語的齊韻也有類似的表現，閩語各區四等齊韻許多轄字仍一致保留洪音-ai韻，至於“梯”字，在閩南、潮汕區及廣東、廣西等閩方言點，表現為-ui韻；在閩北方言點建陽則為-?i韻，將樂為-u?韻；閩中區沙縣為-ue韻。也就是閩語的“梯”字和客家話一樣，皆為以後圓唇元音為首的複合韻。綜而言之，客家話蟹攝開口一到四等的各項特點，都可以在南方其他方言中找到相似的表現。尤其是客贛關係一向密切，客、贛語在蟹攝一、二等的表現在多數方言點是相合的，只不過贛語和客家話相比，贛語所處地域更接近北方官話區，所以受官話的影響更大，客家話蟹攝開口四等齊韻仍保留了洪音，三、四等則保留了唐朝以來的讀書音-e韻，但贛語三、四等卻幾乎合流為前高元音-i。客家話和贛語這樣的情形，就好比閩南語和潮汕區閩語的關係一樣，以廈門和潮州為例，廈門和潮州蟹攝一至四等在白讀音雖然韻母的表現不同，但各韻母所轄轄字，彼此間是整齊地對應著的。然而在文讀音上，廈門三、四等為e韻，潮州卻全為-i韻。然而拿客家話蟹攝一等以後圓唇元音為首的複合韻，和被高本漢視為較古的中國方言―域外譯音相對照，發現這個後圓唇元音並不見錄於四種域外譯音。從日譯吳音到安南譯音，蟹攝開口一到四等幾乎全為前元音的表現—〔e〕、〔?〕或是複合韻〔ai〕等，後圓唇元音反而少有表現，除了在安南譯音泰韻字“貝”為〔oi〕‚高麗譯音的佳韻字“曬”為〔u?〕‚ 有著驚鴻一瞥之外，後圓唇元音便杳無蹤影。但是這個以後圓唇元音和前高元音所組成的複合韻〔oi〕‚卻在現代南方各方言中扮演著舉足輕重的角色，擁有莫大的舞台，並以不同的面貌示人。?i、ue、uai、ui韻都是這個複合韻的不同面貌。這個以後圓唇元音為首的複合韻不單存在於客語，從地處較南端的粵語，往北至閩語、贛語、湘語等，都有他的蹤影。甚至位於浙南的閩東方言點泰順、蒼南、贛東北的吳語、徽語方言點都看得見這個後圓唇元音為首的複合韻。然而贛東北是“她”留下芳蹤的最北之地，越過江西省，北鍏三十度以北就再也不見“她”的芳蹤。因此，這個不見於域外譯音蟹攝開口字的後圓唇元音，顯然是屬於南方的音韻，或者說是古漢語的音韻留存。引用橋本萬太郎先生的觀點來說，現代漢語南方方言正是古代漢語的歷史投影。古代漢語雖在現今北方漢語中難尋見蹤跡，但在語音演變相對較緩慢、也較保守的南方，卻保留了相對於北方較多的古代漢語的遺跡。這個後圓唇元音所構成的複合韻不單出現在咍、泰韻中，客家話大部分的方言點蟹攝合口一等也是這個形式的複合韻。客家話蟹攝開、合口一等皆為此-oi韻，或??、???、??等以後元唇元音為主的形式，也就是說客家話蟹攝開、合口是平行發展的。然而域外譯音中的安南譯音，蟹攝合口一等為-oi韻，開口卻為-ai韻。以至於客家話蟹攝開口一等中的-oi韻，在域外譯音找不到相對應的層次。對比於客家話大部分方言點蟹攝開合口平行，安南譯音層顯示的是，開合口發展的不平行。是開口一等的演變比合口快，而合口較開口保守的情形。儘管，客家話合口一等中的後圓唇元音所構成的複合韻屬安南譯音層。卻有部分方言點合口一等的表現和安南譯音不盡相同。安南譯音灰韻從幫組到曉匣母字都為-oi韻，但客家話有些方言點灰韻的走向，呈現的是幫組字和曉匣母走向一致，而和端精組走向不同的情形。客家話灰韻的這種表現，在南方方言中並不是孤例，在粵語、和閩語的部分方言點，其灰韻幫母字和曉、匣母韻母的表現和端、精組字韻母的表現亦是涇渭分明。造成灰韻幫母字和曉、匣母韻母走向不同的原因，是後來的音韻演變造成兩者韻母走向一致，或者是中古的灰韻字在上古分屬於之、微兩部，而幫組字和曉匣母字屬於之部，端精組字屬於微部，是以造成分別？如果原因是後者的話，那麼李如龍、姚榮松先生(2007)所說的，閩南方言在定型過程中，包含有上古和中古兩個層次的特色也適用於客家話了。關鍵詞：域外譯音、語音對應、後圓唇元音、一二等重韻、開合同韻abstractThe caracteristics of Xie She (蟹攝) opening mouth (開口) of Hakka arethe contrast of front and back vowel between the division Ⅰand Ⅱ、the division Ⅲ and Ⅳ do not merge、and there are still broad sound (洪音)in the division Ⅳ. The caracteristic of front and back vowel between the divisionⅠ and Ⅱis not quite the same in different dialect points in different province. Most of dialect points present it as the contrast of 〔?〕 and 〔?〕. The 〔?〕and〔?〕 are both diphthong，〔?〕is 〔??〕 existing in the division Ⅰ，and 〔?〕is 〔??〕existing in the division Ⅱ . But there are different kinds of variant of the diphthong〔??〕， it turn to be〔???〕 in Wuping(武平)，〔??〕 in Changting(長汀)，〔???〕in Ningdu(寧都) . No matter the diphthong 〔??〕 would be，it always showing as a dipthong headed by back rounded vowel. This dipthong headed by back rounded vowel has great performance in Southern dialets. Especially a part of dialect points of Gan(贛語) have thesame caracteristic of the contrast of 〔?〕 and 〔?〕between the divisionⅠ andⅡ. We can say that Hakka and Gan dialect are very similar in the performance of the division Ⅰ and Ⅱ Though most of the rhymes of the division Ⅲ of Xie She opening mouthin Hakka are the so call find sound (細音)—〔?〕， same as Mandarinlanguage，there are still existing broad sound including 〔??〕and the dipthong headed by back rounded vowel in the division Ⅳ. Most of these broad soundare kept in oral commonly used words like“?泥”(mud)“犁?”(plough)“?弟”(brother)“低”(low)“雞?”(chicken)，and the dipthong headed by back rounded vowel almost only kept in a word“梯??(ladder). The situation of the divion Ⅳof Min dialect is same as Hakka. Min dialect also kept board sounds --〔??〕in the divion Ⅳ， and the word “梯??”is also the dipthong headed by backrounded vowel. The dipthong headed by back rounded vowel is〔??〕in some dialect points in Min Nan(閩南)、Shaxian(潮汕)、and the provice of Guangdong (廣東)、Guangxi(廣西)，and it turn to be 〔??〕in Jianyang(建陽)，〔??〕in Jiangle(將樂) . In short，the caracteristics of Xie She opening mouth in Hakka can also be found in sourther dialects. However the dipthong headed by back rounded vowel can not be found in Sinoxenic materials(域外譯音) which are considered to be rather older dialect by Karlgren，Bernhard(高本漢) . Except one word “貝”(shell) of Sino-Annamese (安南譯音) is 〔??〕，the rhymes of Xie She openingmouth of Sinoxenic materials are almost front vowels，like 〔?〕、〔?〕or 〔??〕.So a large number of the dipthong headed by back rounded vowel existing in the XieShe opening mouth in southern dialects can not find the same layer of thecorresponding in Sinoxenic materials. The dipthong headed by back rounded vowel not only existing in Hakka，it is visible from Cantonese to Min dialect、Kan dialect and Hsiang dialect . Even at Taishun(泰順) 、Cangnan(蒼南)，the dialect point of east Fujian (福建)in southern Zhejiang(浙江)， and Wu dialect、Hui dialect in nourthern Jiangxi， all can see the dipthong .But across the northeastern Jiangxi the dipthong headed by back rounded vowel never can been seen again. That is across the north of the thirty degree north latitude it can be seen nowhere.So the dipthong headed by back rounded vowel apparently is belonging to southern China. And the dipthong can not been found in Sinoxenic materials，so we may say it is older than any of Sinoxenic materials，including the oldest Sino-Japenese(日譯吳音) whose existing era is considered to be the fifth to sixth centuries. The above situation is just like what M. Hashimoto(橋本萬太郎) said：the southern dialects of modern Chinese is historical projection of ancient Chinese. Although the ancient Chinese can not be found its traces in today's modern north Chinese，but the ancient Chinese relics are retained in more conservative sourthern dialects whose evolution are relatively slow in speech. Such a conclusion we have find the evidence in the words of Xie She opening mouth in sothern dialects.
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