新竹縣向來是客家族群分布最高的地方，境內以錯綜的丘陵為主要構成的地形。由於地形上的限制，這些沿山聚落多以散村分布，在農業社會容易形成以家族的單姓村落聚居，一旦家族人丁繁衍到一定程度，為了鞏固家族本身的力量，便會聘請拳頭師傅來教拳授藝，是為「家族制」。或著是藉由地方頭人來號召成員共同習藝，是為「頭人立館制」。倘若個人要使自身武藝更為精進，亦會專門向武館從師，成為「武師立館制」的型態。本研究以三種不同的武館組織作為基本的區分，主要架構是在探討新竹沿山一帶，客家武藝的傳承與文化內涵。由於相關文獻上較匱乏，目前僅能藉由傳習者的口述報導，試圖建構出完整的脈絡。 在戰後初期的時候，新竹沿山一帶曾經盛行「打拳頭」的技藝，當時各個區域都有代表性的「拳頭師傅」駐館，每到農暇便是村民訓練武藝的時候，平時除了打拳，亦會訓練各式器械，即客語俗稱的「五色傢伙」。為了使武藝的訓練更具豐富性，伴隨武藝訓練的則是「客家獅」展演，尤其每到節日慶典，更是可見到客家獅的熱烈演出，若是再搭配著武藝的演練，整場表演又可稱為「全棚獅」。在新竹沿山的「全棚獅」，其中最具代表的是「請拳禮」，即客語俗稱的「跳架」，光是請拳的動作就佔了展演很大的部分，似乎體現出客家族群謙卑尚禮的性格。 新竹沿山的客家武藝，大抵從清代的潮州、嘉應州等地傳入臺灣，縱使經過歲月的洗禮，客家武藝演變至今，仍較少受到外來武術的影響。因此仍舊保留傳統武藝的原創性，其技法的運用較為樸實無華，經過「拆招」尚能運用於實戰層面，甚至在口傳心授的招式上，尚保存諸多老一輩所流傳下來的客語用詞。 不過現今客家武藝較為人所忽視，面臨即將失傳的危機，如能加以記錄保存下來，相信在未來會是客家文化的瑰寶之一。 ;Compared with other regions in Taiwan, there are the most Hakkas in Hsinchu County, where the terrain is mainly hilly. What we discuss in the thesis is Hakka Martial Arts across the Hillside in Hsinchu. Hakka Martial Arts, which are from Chao and Jiaying Prefecture in Qing Dynasty, have been less affected by externality since they evolved. Therefore, the originality of traditional martial arts is retained; and what is more, the terms of moves are kept in Hakka lexicon because they are passed down by colloquialism. In the thesis, we refer to three different systems of martial art organizations across the hillside in Hsinchu. One is “Family System(家族制)”. Due to the limitation of landforms, the inhabitants are scattered across the hillside and likely develop single-surname communities made up of family. For the sake of positional consolidation, they would hire masters to instruct martial arts. Another is “Headman System(頭人立館制)” that a headman assembles the local people to learn the skill of martial arts in order to help each other. The other is “Master System(武師立館制)” that an individual voluntarily becomes an apprentice to a master for the improvement of martial art skills. The objective of the study based on the discrimination of these three systems is to identify the inheritance and culture in Hakka martial arts.
