《左傳》、《公羊》、《穀梁》作為研究先秦時期的重要文獻，歷年來對春秋三傳的研究成果甚豐，研究的方向從在解經方法，到與其他先秦文獻如《詩》、《書》、《易》及《禮》的關係也有涉及，足見三傳的研究題才非常多元。三傳本身的內容相當豐富，提供了許多材料得以研究春秋時代各種面貌，更能考察春秋時代宗法制度、君臣關係等制度上的變化。 「賢」帶有讚賞、嘉許之意，常見於各儒家文獻中，甚至塑造出「賢人」、「賢君」及「賢臣」形象，表示對人物，尤其是對君臣的嘉許。考察先秦文獻，「賢」早見於《尚書》與《詩經》，反映了「賢」在很早成為評價標準。本文透過分析三傳的稱賢事例，歸納三傳稱賢時面對不同對象，其評斷標準的不同。首先透過資料庫檢索找出三傳稱「賢」事例，透過分析、歸納各傳稱賢事例考察事例中對「賢」的判準。然後比對三傳事例，從中可見各傳對相同事例的描述及評價。三傳在敘述同一事例時會有些微差異，但在評價不時可見三傳持相反的態度，反映了三傳對「賢」的判準有同有異，其差異源於三傳在解經角度的分野。 稱賢事例以人物為中心，其中又以君主及大夫，可見「賢」有特定的指涉對象。各傳稱賢事例大約可以歸納為三個方向：繼承原則、政治才能及品德修養，這三個類別反映了三傳在人物不同的行事當中也會以「賢」作評價。經本文整理後，發現「賢」作為三傳中眾多評價用詞之一，既表達了對君臣的讚許，同時亦透創造了「賢君」、「賢臣」等人物形象，作為後世君臣的行為指導。 ;The Chunqiu （春秋） has three commentaries which are Zuozhuan （左傳）, Gongyang （公羊） and Guliang （穀梁）. They are documentation of humanities actives of Chunqiu period such as the King-Minister regime, the inheritance system and the behavior principle. They are the representatives of the pre-Qin studies especially on the process of political reform during Chunqiu period, which form feudal system to monarchy. “Xian”（賢）one of the comments that commonly used in praising a person with both talents and high moral character in these three commentaries. This research aims to investigate how Zuozhuan, Gongyang and Guliang define and interpret Xian. It will begin with detailed study on different textual records of Xian. After that, the assessments of Xian will be comparing the interpretations between these three commentaries. in order to reflect their attitudes towards Xian under the same or different cases. The result findings showed that the concept of Xian was nearly standardized in Chunqiu period and it is strongly linked with King-Minister regime. Xian is normally used in illustrating one’s admiration of the emperors or ministers who had adequate abilities and practiced high moral standards when they ruled the fiefdom.is widely used in reviewing a person, mostly on nobles and officials who remained at relatively higher social status than plebeians. The result indicates that nobles and officials who had outstanding political ability would be remarked as Xian. Moreover, the result also showed that “Xian” was not only a comment to people, but also a judgment on a decision. This finding defies the conventional conception of “Xian”. Other than comments of a person, Xian could be used to comment personality and also issues.
Key words: The Chunqiu, Xian, Zhozhuan , Gongyang, Guliang
