臺灣海峽海洋塑料垃圾的輸運;Transportation of Plastic Marine Debris

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Title:	臺灣海峽海洋塑料垃圾的輸運;Transportation of Plastic Marine Debris
Authors:	伊斯納;Isnaini, Sofri Ayu
Contributors:	水文與海洋科學研究所
Keywords:	反向追蹤;頻散;海洋塑料垃圾;可能來源;河流排放;backward-track;dispersion;plastic marine debris;possible sources;river discharge
Date:	2019-09-12
Issue Date:	2020-01-07 14:23:39 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	本研究利用拉格朗日粒子追踪演算法來表示海洋塑料碎片（PMD）的傳輸，發現台灣海峽的季節變化傳輸相互對應。預計可能軌跡的結果可用於推估源處的PMD 量。首先，透過模擬216 個質點平均值並使用TORI（台灣海洋科技研究所）高頻（HF）岸基雷達測流系統所監測之海流資料(2015-2017)，可以推測PMD 可能的來源。因澎湖群島位於台灣海峽中部，因此被選為PMD目的地。首次結果是由波浪運動引起的海洋混合和斯托克斯漂流是應用高頻雷達模擬PMD 軌跡的不確定性因素。採用頻散係數（K）來表示水平混合效率。利用2015-2017 年模擬結果，K 的平均大小在春季為1.06 × 10−4，夏季為3.66 × 10−5，秋季為2.13 × 10−4，冬季為1.87 × 10−4。這表示地面風速在PMD 傳輸中的重要性，高頻雷達數據能夠顯現出這些現象。根據數據結果，使用高頻雷達的模擬結果可以求得誤差。因高頻雷達的數據存在不確定性，造成每個PMD 軌跡不準確，因此我們從機率角度採用係集平均結果表示PMD軌跡。2015-2017 年模擬結果，PMD傳輸模式的百分比是東海（I 區）4.27 ％，中國大陸沿岸（區域II）3.72％，南海（區域III）19.38％，台灣SW（區域IV） 17.88％，台灣西（區域V）48.87％，台灣西北（區域VI）5.86％。台灣西（V 區）在澎湖群島生產PMD 的可能性較高，尤其是雲林海岸。通過冬季的中國沿岸流（CCC）導致的區域I（來自東海，冬季機率較高）和III（來自南中國海，夏季機率較高）之間的機率，可以確定顯著的季節性偏差。夏季北上台灣暖流（TWC）。結果的第二部分是PMD 數量的計算。只有在來源處的PMD 資訊已知時才能使用這些軌跡。可以透過PMD 來源總數乘以對應機率來計算數量。利用Jambeck 方法（2015）以及每月河流排放，計算出從河流中流入海洋的PMD 量。澎湖群島的PMD 季節變化，可以透過長江（進入東海），湄公河（進入南海）和彭亨河（進入南海）的河流流量計算。結果表示，長江夏季東海海域PMD 最高，而湄公河和彭亨河秋季 PMD最高。較高的PMD 是由較高的河流流量引起的，受季風期間降雨模式的影響。;In the study of Taiwan Strait, a lagrangian particle tracking algorithms were applied to characterize the transport of Plastic Marine Debris (PMD) which correspond to the seasonal variability transportation in Taiwan Strait. The results of estimation probable trajectories could be used to estimate the PMD amount at the sources. First, the estimation of PMD possible sources could be obtained by simulating an ensemble average over 216 floating elements and using the remote sensing surface ocean current data provided by TORI (Taiwan Ocean Research Institute) High Frequency (HF) coastal radar network from 2015-2017. The Penghu Islands were located in the middle of Taiwan Strait were chosen as PMD destination for example. The results of first discussion are, ocean mixing and stokes drift that induced by wave motion, were the main factors in uncertainty of applying HF coastal radar to simulate PMD trajectories. The Dispersion Coefficient (K) was adopted to represent the horizontal mixing efficiency. Based on the simulation results over 3 years, the average magnitude of K revealed 1.06 × 10−4 in spring, 3.66 × 10−5 in summer, 2.13 × 10−4 in fall, and 1.87 × 10−4 winter. The periodic oscillation of dispersion coefficients could be identified, with an average period of 4 days. It denoted that the surface wind speed plays important role in the PMD transport and the HF data is capable to reflect these phenomena. Based on data, the simulation result error using HR radar was known. The uncertainty of HF radar data for each PMD trajectories might inaccurate, so we used probability viewpoint based on the results of ensemble average. Based on simulation results for three years, the percentage of PMD transport patterns was East China Sea (region I) 4.27%, Cross-Strait Mainland China (region II) 3.72%, South China Sea (region III) 19.38%, Taiwan SW (region IV) 17.88%, Taiwan West (region V) 48.87%, and Taiwan NW (region VI) 5.86%. Taiwan West (region V) has a higher possibility to produce PMD in Penghu Islands, especially Yunlin Coast. The significant seasonal bias could be identified by comparing the probability between region I (from East China Sea, higher probability in winter) and III (from South China Sea, high probability in summer) due to prevailing southward China Coastal Current (CCC) in winter and northward Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) in summer. The second part of the results is the calculation of PMD amount. These trajectories information could only be used if the PMD at source point was known already. The amount could be calculated by multiplying the probability with the total amount of PMD at the sources. ii Monthly river discharge was applied to find the amount of PMD released from riverine using Jambeck’s method (2015). PMD seasonal variability in the Penghu Islands were calculated based on Yangtze River (into East China Sea), Mekong River (into South China Sea), and Pahang River (into South China Sea). The results showed that Yangtze river produced the highest PMD during summer to East China Sea, while Mekong and Pahang River released the highest PMD during fall. This higher PMD was induced by higher riverine discharge which was influenced by rainfall pattern during monsoon.
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