有益微生物的真菌學和細菌學研究： 在農業和人類健康中的應用;Mycological and bacteriological studies of beneficial microbes: Applications for Agriculture and Human Health

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題名:	有益微生物的真菌學和細菌學研究：在農業和人類健康中的應用;Mycological and bacteriological studies of beneficial microbes: Applications for Agriculture and Human Health
作者:	范明新;Tan, Pham Minh
貢獻者:	生醫科學與工程學系
關鍵詞:	微生物;L-色氨酸;3-乙酸;福爾摩沙棕櫚;現人體腸道細菌;Microorganism;L-tryptophan;3-acetic acid;Formosa Palm;Human intestinal bacteria
日期:	2020-12-29
上傳時間:	2021-03-18 16:51:34 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	近來從研究發現微生物可以進行改造，以調節植物抵抗禦環境的防禦機制，並強烈增強植物的生長和健康。木腐蘑菇在木質纖維素培養基中可促進植物生長並有提高農業生產力的潛力，杏鮑菇是存在於自然界的白色腐生性的真菌菌株，研究發現其可持續的在30oC和pH 5的環境下將10 mM L-色氨酸（TRP）轉化為酪氨酸-3-乙酸（IAA），跟其它的杏鮑菇種相比，杏鮑菇更適合在更適合於亞熱帶和熱帶氣候生長。真菌在纖維素存在會使用IPA途徑合成IAA，但是環境中高濃度的外源IAA（10 ?g / mL）可能會抑制真菌的生長，IAA在單子葉植物（大米）中，發現會增加側根的數量，而在雙子葉植物（番茄）中，根的長度會增長，通過實驗證明了對線蟲有吸引力和毒性。杏鮑菇有較佳的草酸溶解在菌絲體的區域有氧化物修飾的基質（CaO和ZnO）。在體外試管雙重培養實驗中發現肺假單尖孢鐮刀菌和霍亂單胞菌有拮抗作用，這些新發現及影響可能為在農業中的應用帶來新的見解。相反，Marasmius palmivorus在台灣的福爾摩沙棕櫚（Arenga engleri）樹木上產生症狀，從而使棕櫚樹分枝桿菌在棕櫚種植園中的危害比以往預期的要大。近來研究發現人體腸道細菌中檢測到電子產生可能與人體健康密切相關，腸系膜十二指腸菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides可促使亞油酸發酵來當作電子抗氧化機制，連續6週攝入高脂飲食（HFD）會誘導的ROS（活性氧）的產生，脂肪細胞3T3-L1分化過程中，脂質積累的增加與ROS的釋放同時發生，這些可能都與腸系膜十二指腸菌誘導的亞油酸發酵產生的電子有關，提供對脂肪形成過程中脂質積累和ROS產生以及高脂飲食誘導的ROS的抑製作用，此外Cyclophilin A蛋白在腸道中可抑制電子產生的產生，我們的研究結果表明，腸系膜十二指腸菌藉由亞油酸的發酵的通過電子產生抑制ROS和脂質的產生，而電子產生受Cyclophilin A蛋白調節。膜糖蛋白是嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症冠狀病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的最豐富蛋白質，但其在2019年冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）中的作用機制尚未完全。與綠色熒光蛋白 (GFP)的小鼠相比，鼻內接種膜糖蛋白的小鼠在支氣管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）白細胞介素-6增加，白細胞介素-6是細胞因子風暴的標誌。膜糖蛋白誘導的高水平的白細胞介素-6在磷酸二酯?4（PDE4B）敲除小鼠中顯著降低，證明了PDE4B在白細胞介素-6信號傳導中的重要作用。鼠李糖乳桿菌EH8菌株的菌絲體發酵產生了丁酸，它可以下調巨噬細胞中PDE4B的表達和IL-6的分泌。用菌絲體餵養小鼠可增加鼠李糖乳桿菌的相對豐度。鼠李糖乳桿菌和菌絲體補充兩週後，可大大降低膜糖蛋白誘導的PDE4B表達和IL-6分泌。鼠李糖乳桿菌和菌絲體對膜糖蛋白的益生菌活性在用游離脂肪酸受體2 (Ffar2) 拮抗劑GLPG-0974處理的小鼠中被取消。 Ffar2在腸肺軸中的激活以下調PDE4B-IL-6信號傳導可能為開發包括益生菌在內的治療包括COVID-19中細胞因子風暴的治療方法提供靶點。 ;Microorganisms have recently been engineered to modulate plant defense mechanisms against environmental stress and strongly enhance plant growth and health. The promising plant-growth promoting capability of a wood-decay mushroom in lignocellulosic media indicates the potential to enhance the agricultural productivity in a sustainable way. A wild native strain of a white rot fungus identified as Pleurotus pulmonarius was found to convert 10 mM L-tryptophan (TRP) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) under the optimal growth conditions of 30oC and pH 5. The higher temperature optimum of P. pulmonarius isolated from subtropical environment compared to other Pleurotus species from temperate regions makes it more suitable for application in subtropical/tropical regions. Results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated IAA synthesis through the IPA pathway when using cellulose as a sole carbon source. However, high concentration of exogenous IAA (10 ?g/mL) in the environment could inhibit the fungal growth. The mycelium as well as the culture filtrate promoted the growth and chlorophyll content of seedlings. In a monocotyledonous plant (rice), the number of lateral roots was increased experimentally, whereas in a dicotyledonous plant (tomato), the fungus led to an increased length of shoots and roots. Moreover, the attraction and toxicity against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was proven experimentally. Solubilized oxalates activity of P. pulmonarius on oxide-amended substrates (CaO and ZnO) showed clear zones under the mycelium. A weak antifungal ability against Fusarium oxysporum and Lasiodiplodia hormozganensis was observed in vitro dual cultures. The combination of these capabilities of P. pulmonarius may provide new opportunities for application in agriculture. By contrast, Marasmius palmivorus produced symptoms on Formosa palm (Arenga engleri) seedlings in Taiwan, causing a greater risk by M. palmivorus in palm plantations than hitherto anticipated. Although several electrogenic bacteria have been identified, the physiological effect of electricity generated by bacteria on host health remains elusive. We found that probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides can metabolize linoleic acid to yield electricity via an intracellular cyclophilin A-dependent pathway. Inhibition of cyclophilin A significantly abolished bacterial electricity and the suppressive effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipids during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Oral administration of Leuconostoc mesenteroides plus linoleic acid remarkably reduced high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a ROS biomarker, and decreased abdominal fat mass in mice. The reduction of 4-HNE and abdominal fat mass was reversed when cyclophilin A inhibitor-pretreated bacteria were administered to mice. Our studies present a novel mechanism of reducing abdominal fat mass by limiting adipogenesis-induced ROS using electricity produced by probiotic bacteria. Membrane glycoprotein is the most abundant protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but its role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been fully characterized. Mice intranasally inoculated with membrane glycoprotein substantially increased the interleukin (IL)-6, a hallmark of the cytokine storm, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), compared to mice inoculated with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The high level of IL-6 induced by membrane glycoprotein was significantly diminished in phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4B) knockout mice, demonstrating the essential role of PDE4B in IL-6 signaling. Mycelium fermentation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) EH8 strain yielded butyric acid, which can down-regulate the PDE4B expression and IL-6 secretion in macrophages. Feeding mice with mycelia increased the relative abundance of commensal L. rhamnosus. Two-week supplementation of mice with L. rhamnosus plus mycelia considerably decreased membrane glycoprotein-induced PDE4B expression and IL-6 secretion. The probiotic activity of L. rhamnosus plus mycelia against membrane glycoprotein was abolished in mice treated with GLPG-0974, an antagonist of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2). Activation of Ffar2 in the gut-lung axis for down-regulation of the PDE4B-IL-6 signalling may provide targets for development of modalities including probiotics for treatment of the cytokine storm in COVID-19.
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