崑曲向以蘇州為主流，寧波崑劇源於蘇州，伶人養成教育過程須前往蘇州學藝，然而在晚清，蘇州崑班在南方演劇中心上海的演劇已強弩之末，寧波崑班卻在滬上戲園演出且聲勢凌駕蘇州班；要建構完整的崑曲演出及傳播史，需要更多關注蘇州班以外的崑班活動；本文透過爬梳1898至1915年間報紙，客觀觀察寧波崑班融入上海演劇生態的動態過程，重構其滬上獻藝的意義。 首先總覽晚清旅滬寧波移民的社經結構，及寧波崑班獻藝前的上海文化生態；其次梳理戲園廣告，按行銷規模分期討論寧波崑班經營的演變、與同業的交互作用；復鉤沉劇目變遷觀察演劇的功能性轉化，並從鄰近區域之小戲觀察其遺風，及崑腔傳播過程衍生之態樣；最後，發現寧波幫欲凝聚移民群體及拓展勢力，聯袂報界文人以寧波崑班為形塑戲曲文化、及傳遞群體意識的載體；寧波崑班赴上海獻藝，象徵崑曲逆向傳播的個案，可補充崑劇演出史，並建構晚清崑腔傳播的文化脈絡。;This paper sifts through newspapers from 1898 to 1915 to objectively observe the dynamic process of the Ningbo Kunqu troupes′ integration into the Shanghai theatrical system, reconstructing the significance of their performances in Shanghai. Originating from Suzhou, Ningbo Kunqu actors underwent training in Suzhou, but in the late Qing, the dominance of Suzhou Kunqu troupes in Shanghai was waning. In contrast, Ningbo Kunqu troupes performed in Shanghai theaters with greater acclaim than Suzhou groups. This history has received very few attentions, with Kunqu studies traditionally focusing on Suzhou. However, to construct a complete history of Kunqu performances and dissemination, it′s crucial to pay more attention to Kunqu troupes beyond those from Suzhou.
The paper begins by overviewing the socio-economic structure of Ningbo immigrants in Shanghai during the late Qing Dynasty and the cultural ecology of Shanghai before the arrival of Ningbo Kunqu troupes. It then analyzes theater advertisements to discuss the evolution and interplay of Ningbo Kunqu troupes′ operations in various marketing phases. The study also delves into changes in repertoire to observe the functional transformation of theater and investigates the influence of neighboring regions like Xinchang tune and Wu opera, to understand the derivatives of Kunqu′s dissemination. In conclusion, the Ningbo merchant group dedicated to unifying the immigrant community and expand their influence, collaborating with the press and literati to use Ningbo Kunqu troupes as a vessel for shaping opera culture and transmitting group consciousness. The Ningbo Kunqu troupes′ performances in Shanghai symbolize a case of reverse dissemination of Kunqu, contributing to the history of Kunqu opera performances and constructing the cultural context of Kunqu′s spread during the late Qing Dynasty.
