探討 Mef2c 和 Mrf4 的機制於肌肉新生及癌症惡病質;The investigation of Mef2c and Mrf4 mechanism in Myogenesis and Cancer Cachexia

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Title:	探討 Mef2c 和 Mrf4 的機制於肌肉新生及癌症惡病質;The investigation of Mef2c and Mrf4 mechanism in Myogenesis and Cancer Cachexia
Authors:	張伯鴻;Zhang, Po-Hong
Contributors:	生命科學系
Keywords:	癌症惡病質;Mef2c;Mrf4;Cancer cachexia
Date:	2024-01-26
Issue Date:	2024-09-19 15:22:08 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	癌症惡病質是一種複雜的綜合症，與多種因素相關，導致持續的肌肉和脂肪流失，這種流失並不能完全通過營養補充來逆轉。骨骼肌的消耗是惡病質中最嚴重的副作用，其潛在的分子機制在很大程度上尚不清楚。為了理解參與癌症惡病質的機制，我們使用癌症惡病質異種移植老鼠，誘導癌症惡病質，並收集其組織進行 RNA-seq 分析。在 RNAseq 數據中，我們觀察到 Mef2c 的嚴重下調，並藉由組織切片發現，發現了中心細胞核於癌症惡病質中明顯上升，確認了癌症惡病質對肌肉再生的影響，而 Mef2c 涉及 Mrf4 的調控，Mrf4 通過抑制 Mef2 活性來負向調節骨骼肌的生長。為了調查 Mef2c 和 Mrf4 在癌症惡病質的關係，我們在 C2C12 細胞中誘導 Mef2c 和 Mrf4 的過度表達。令人驚訝的，我們觀察到 Mef2c 過度表達細胞在肌肉生成和萎縮方面的分化較差。我們認為 Mef2c 亞型 1 在肌肉生成和萎縮中的肌原性活性較低，通過 Mef2c 的過度表達並未恢復其肌肉新生能力。同時我們觀察到誘導 Mrf4 過度表達成功地導致更高的肌原性，表明 Mrf4 水平在肌原性過程中具有關鍵的調節作用。然而即使在肌肉新生中，通過 Mrf4 過度表達也未能拯救 C2C12-Mrf4 細胞在接受癌症惡病質培養液處理後的肌肉新生能力。有趣的是，Mrf4 的 RNA 和蛋白質並不會被癌症惡病質抑制，但抑制了 Mrf4 在肌肉新生中的功能，為了調查此情形，我利用了三重比對挑選出 Mrf4 的結合位基因，發現了下游基因 Kcnn3 會受到癌症病質和 Mrf4 調控，證實了癌症惡病質可能藉由影響下游基因結合位來影響 Mrf4 的表現能力。總結來說，本論文證實了癌症惡病質的肌肉狀態異常無法藉由大量表現 Mef2c 和 Mrf4 來挽救，但未來可以藉由調查 Mrf4 新的機制來進一步尋找挽救的方式。;Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome associated with multiple factors results in ongoing muscle and fat loss that is not completely reversible by nutritional supplementation. Skeletal muscle wasting is the most severe side effect in cachexia, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. To understand the mechanisms involved in cancer cachexia, we used cancer cachectic xenograft mice, induced cancer cachexia, and collected their tissues for RNA-seq analysis. In the RNA-seq data, we observed severe down-regulation of Mef2c, and found through tissue sections that central cell nuclei were significantly increased in cancer cachexia, confirming the impact of cancer cachexia on muscle regeneration, and Mef2c is involved in the regulation of Mrf4. Mrf4 negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth by inhibiting Mef2 activity. To investigate the relationship between Mef2c and Mrf4 in cancer cachexia, we induced overexpression of Mef2c and Mrf4 in C2C12 cells. Surprisingly, we observed that Mef2c-overexpressing cells were poorly differentiated with respect to myogenesis and atrophy. We believe that Mef2c isoform 1 has low myogenic activity in myogenesis and atrophy, and its myogenic capacity is not restored by overexpression of Mef2c. At the same time, we observed that inducing Mrf4 overexpression successfully resulted in higher myogenicity, indicating that Mrf4 levels have a critical regulatory role in the myogenic process. However, even in myogenesis, Mrf4 overexpression failed to rescue the myogenesis ability of C2C12-Mrf4 cells after being treated with cancer cachexia culture medium. Interestingly, the RNA and protein of Mrf4 are not inhibited by cancer cachexia, but inhibit the function of Mrf4 in muscle regeneration. In order to investigate this situation, I used triple alignment to select the binding site genes of Mrf4 and discovered the downstream The gene Kcnn3 is regulated by cancer cachexia and Mrf4, confirming that cancer cachexia may affect the expression ability of Mrf4 by affecting downstream gene binding sites.In conclusion, this paper confirms that the abnormal muscle status of cancer cachexia cannot be rescued by excessive expression of Mef2c and Mrf4, but in the future, we can further find ways to rescue it by investigating the new mechanism of Mrf4.
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