| 摘要: | 本論文在於研究台灣的建築物中央監控系統產業，它用於監控和管理建築物裡的機電、空調、門禁安全、消防警報等設備的運行狀態和效能。它幫助管理人員快速發現和解決問題，以確保建築物內所有的機電設施跟控制系統穩定運行。中央監控系統在台灣發展已經超過40年，隨著科技持續的進步及國人對建築物的安全性、舒適性、及智慧化等的訴求不斷提升，因此產業內的領導廠商也都致力於推出更高效和更全面的解決方案，推動可持續發展的中央監控系統。
本論文運用S-C-P模型分析台灣監控系統產業的特性，研究其市場結構、廠商行為以及產業績效之間是否相互影響，以更加了解這個產業的發展現況，並對監控系統產業的演變趨勢及未來進行分析，並提出因應方針及建議。
研究結果發現，在基本條件的供給面上，建築物監控系統所需要使用的軟硬體設備，控制器及感測元件等，客戶可以透過原廠在台灣的分公司、子公司或是其授權的經銷商取得，並無障礙。但是，專業技術人員養成不易，因此台灣監控業界普遍有缺人、嚴重斷層或是缺乏年輕接班人的情況。
另外關於基本條件的需求面。中央監控系統產業是屬於整合型的服務業，隨著市場及使用者對建築物管理系統的智慧化、安全性、健康舒適、及節能永續的要求持續提升，因此市場的需求彈性並不大。就中央監控系統產業或是專案而言，替代性很低。但是客戶是可以選擇中央監控系統廠商的，因此就單一廠商而言，是有替代性的。監控系統專案的採購模式無論是公開招標、或邀請特定廠商來參與競標，決標方式通常由客戶方決定所有的條件，包含預算、付款條件及工程期限等，因此屬於買方（甲方）市場。監控工程案是伴隨著公共工程的建設或是私人企業的投資而建置，因此較受大環境總體經濟的影響，並無明顯的景氣循環或季節性波動的影響。
就政府政策面而言，台灣的政府政策對於中央監控系統廠商並沒有管制或是任何法規上的限制。
就市場結構而言，台灣中央監控系統廠商較具規模的都是外商。包括Siemens, Honeywell, Johnson Controls, 和Schneider原廠。這4家廠商在台灣監控市場上擁有較大的市場佔有率和壟斷程度，尤其是較複雜、較困難的高階監控市場。這些公司的成功可以歸因於其在全球市場上的品牌知名度、技術實力和產品品質等方面的優勢。綜合而言，我國中央監控系統產業已經趨於成熟市場，其成長有限，大型客戶多為既有廠商所掌握，加上產業專業人才養成不易，價格競爭激烈、專案資金成本大，且現金流控管及專案執行的潛在風險大等因素，因此對新廠商形成進入障礙。
研究廠商的行為時發現，如同大多數產業一樣，中央監控產業的廠商在台灣的市場環境中，面臨眾多中小企業多元化發展的競爭。雖然外商公司善用其在供給面及市場結構面上的優勢，針對產業中的高階市場上，跟國內的其他廠商做出市場區隔。但是高階市場的客戶（專案）數量及成長速度均有所局限，因此外商彼此之間，還是存在著激烈的競爭，經歷數十年發展，乃至形成目前市場結構為寡占型的競爭市場。
整體而言，儘管台灣監控產業持續朝正向成長，但近年來面臨了越來越多的外部挑戰。這些外在因素不僅來自COVID-19疫情的持續影響，導致原物料短缺、價格上漲和交貨時間延誤，還有中美貿易戰、俄烏戰爭、地緣政治等因素的影響。面對政治及經濟環境的變化，廠商們也都做出了快速反應，調整經營與競爭策略來因應。
產業的績效在廠商利潤（利潤率 %）層面上有趨於緩慢成長的現象。但是，廠商不斷的提升產品技術，帶給人們更全方面的建築物管理系統，提供低碳、健康、高效營運、更安全、以及更智慧化的生活環境，也是監控產業不可或缺的價值。;This dissertation aims to study the building management system industry in Taiwan. It is used to monitor and manage the operation status and performance of electromechanical, air conditioning, access control, fire alarm and other equipment in buildings. It helps management personnel can quickly detect and solve problems to ensure the stable operation of all electromechanical facilities and control systems in the building. The building management system has been developed in Taiwan for over 40 years. With the continuous advancement of technology and the increasing demand of people for the safety, comfort, and intelligence of buildings, the number of domestic and foreign players has also been increasing and growing their business.
This dissertation uses the S-C-P model to analyze the characteristics of Taiwan′s monitoring system industry, studies whether the market structure, manufacturer behavior, and industry performance are interrelated, in order to gain a better understanding of the current development of this industry and analyze the trends and future of the monitoring system industry and propose countermeasures and suggestions.
The research found that on the supply side of the basic conditions, customers can obtain the software and hardware equipment, controllers, and sensing components needed for building monitoring systems through the original factory′s branch, subsidiary, or authorized dealer in Taiwan without obstacles. However, professional knowledge is difficult to be established in short time, there is a general shortage of personnel, serious gaps, or a lack of young successors in Taiwan′s building management system industry.
In addition, regarding the demand side of basic conditions, the building management system is an integrated service industry. With the continuous increase in the market and users′ requirements for intelligent, safe, healthy, comfortable, and energy-saving and sustainable building management systems, the price elasticity of demand is small. For the building management system industry or project, the substitutability is low. However, customers can choose different building management system manufacturers, so for a single manufacturer, there may be substitutability. The procurement mode of monitoring system projects, whether public tender or inviting specific manufacturers to participate in bidding, the decision-making process is usually determined by the client, including budget, payment terms, and project deadlines, so it belongs to a buyer′s (Party A) market. Monitoring project cases are built with the construction of public works or private enterprise investment, and therefore more affected by the macroeconomic environment.
In terms of government policy, there are no restrictions or regulations on building management system manufacturers in Taiwan.
In terms of market structure, the larger building management system manufacturers in Taiwan are foreign companies, including Siemens, Honeywell, Johnson Controls, and Schneider. These four companies have a larger market share and monopolistic degree in the monitoring market in Taiwan, especially in the more complex and more difficult to deliver of high-end market. Their success can be attributed to their advantages in brand recognition, technical strength, and product quality in the global market. Overall, Taiwan′s building management system industry has become a mature market, with limited growth potential. Large customers have mostly been covered by existing players. The development of industry professionals is not easy, and there are many factors such as intense competition, high project funding costs, and potential risks in cash flow management and project execution, which make it difficult for new players to enter the market.
It was found that, like most industries, building management system market in Taiwan face competition from numerous small and medium-sized enterprises in the market. Although foreign companies have taken advantage of their advantages in supply and structural aspects in the high-end market in the industry, they still face inevitable price competition with each other. However, the number of customers (projects) in the high-end market and the growth rate are limited, so there is still fierce competition among foreign investors, and after decades of development, even the current market structure is oligopolistic competitive market.
Therefore, each manufacturer has developed different business (competition) strategies and directions, such as binding special specification standards, focusing on existing main customers, or developing emerging markets, to avoid vicious cycles as much as possible.
The building management system industry in Taiwan has undergone decades of development through free competition and keeping pace with technological advances. It has evolved into a monopolistic competition market structure. Overall, although the building management industry in Taiwan continues to grow positively, it has faced increasingly severe external challenges in recent years. These challenges come not only from the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in material shortages, price increases, and delivery delays, but also from the influence of factors such as the US-China trade war, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and geopolitics concerns. Faced with changes in the political and economic environment, manufacturers have also made rapid responses by adjusting their business and competitive strategies to cope with the challenges.
However, industry performance in terms of manufacturer profit margin has shown a slow growth trend. Nevertheless, manufacturers continue to enhance product technology to provide people with optimize building management systems, creating healthier, more comfortable, safer, and smarter living environments, which are essential values for the monitoring industry. |
