| 摘要: | 本研究旨在探討顆粒阻尼器(Particle Damper, PD)在軌道系統中的應用，以減少列車運行時產生的振動。顆粒阻尼器的原理在於將多種金屬、碳化鎢、陶瓷或其他材質的小顆粒置於振動結構的空腔內或附著於其外殼內，以降低主結構之響應。當結構振動時，動能通過顆粒間的非彈性碰撞和與外殼內壁的摩擦作用消耗，從而產生顯著的阻尼效果。顆粒阻尼器的減振性能取決於顆粒材料、尺寸、形狀、填充率及外加激振等多項因素，因此PD是一種複雜的非線性系統。過去的研究多採用粒子動力學、離散元素法和多相流法等方法，本研究將複雜的PD系統轉換為等效系統，以分析其減振機制。顆粒阻尼器相較於傳統阻尼器具有多項優勢，如在惡劣環境中能正常運作、在較寬頻率範圍內有效、對溫度和持續時間不敏感且維護成本低。首先，本研究建立了顆粒阻尼器的數學模型，模擬和分析耦合軌道-PD系統的動力行為。該模型比對了不同填充物的實驗之多項參數。結果顯示，模擬結果與實驗數據在時間域與頻率域一致，確保模型的準確性。
隨著模擬軟體的興起，本研究利用MATLAB、ADAMS/Rail和COMSOL有限元素軟體進行聯合模擬，以探討PD之減振效能。建立了短軌(0.8 m)和長軌(14 m)模型。在短軌模型中，施加掃頻外力觀察其頻率域響應，結果顯示裝置等效PD後，在目標頻率範圍內的振動顯著下降。在長軌模型中，通過模擬不同車速的列車載重作用，獲取輪軌接觸力歷時，並將其施加於長軌模型，觀察在裝置PD後的減振效果。結果表明，PD能有效減少列車於不同車速運行期間的軌道振動。此外，研究發現全配置阻尼器相比半配置阻尼器具有更好的減振效果，但考慮到成本因素，半配置阻尼器在經濟性上更具優勢。這些模擬和實驗結果證明顆粒阻尼器有望成為軌道減振工法中創新且高效減振方案，促進鐵道運輸安全與舒適性。
;This study aims to explores the application of particle dampers (PD) in rail systems to reduce the vibrations generated during train operations. The principle of particle dampers involves placing small particles made of various materials such as metals, tungsten carbide, ceramics, or other substances within the cavity of a vibrating structure or attached to its shell to reduce the response of the main structure. When the structure vibrates, kinetic energy is dissipated through inelastic collisions between particles and friction with the inner walls of the shell, resulting in a significant damping effect. The vibration reduction performance of particle dampers depends on various factors, including particle’s material, size, shape, fill rate and external excitation, making PD a complex nonlinear system. Previous research has often employed methods such as particle dynamics, discrete element methods, and multiphase flow methods. In this study, the complex PD system was transformed into an equivalent system to analyze its vibration reduction mechanism. Compared to traditional dampers, particle dampers offer several advantages, such as normal operation in harsh environments, effectiveness over a wide frequency range, insensitivity to temperature and duration, and low maintenance costs.
First, a mathematical model of the particle damper was established to simulate and analyze the dynamic behavior of the coupled track-PD system. The model compares multiple parameters from experiments with different fillings. The results show that the simulation data aligns with experimental data in both time domain and frequency domain, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the model. With the rise of simulation software, this study utilizes MATLAB, ADAMS/Rail, and COMSOL finite element software for joint simulations to explore the vibration reduction performance of PD. The model of the short rails (0.8 m) and long rails (14 m) were established. In the short rail model, sweep frequency forces were applied to observe its frequency domain response. The results indicate that after applying the equivalent PD, vibrations within the target frequency range significantly decreased. In the long rail model, by simulating the train load at different speeds, wheel-rail contact force histories were obtained and applied to the long rail model to observe the vibration reduction effect after applying PD. The results show that PD can effectively reduce track vibrations during train operations at various speeds. Additionally, the study found that fully configured dampers have better vibration reduction effects compared to semi-configured dampers. However, considering cost factors, semi-configured dampers are more economically advantageous. These simulation and experimental results demonstrate that particle dampers are expected to become an innovative and efficient vibration reduction solution for track vibration reduction, promoting the safety and comfort of railway transportation. |
